Accessibility and Transit-Oriented Development in European metropolitan areas

This study investigates how urban form is related to accessibility. In particular, it explores the relationship between Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) and rail-based accessibility in a metropolitan area. The following overarching questions are addressed: Does a TOD-informed urban spatial structure correlate with high rail based accessibility? Which features of TOD are correlated to rail-based accessibility? These questions are answered through a comparative analysis of six metropolitan areas in Europe. The “TOD degree”, operationalized as the extent to which urban development is concentrated along rail corridors and stations, is correlated with a cumulative opportunity measure of rail-based accessibility to jobs and inhabitants.The comparison demonstrates that rail-based accessibility is higher in urban areas where inhabitants and jobs are more concentrated around the railway network and in lesser measure in urban areas with higher values of network connectivity. No correlation is found between rail-based accessibility and average densities of inhabitants and jobs.     

我国城市轨道交通发展TOD模式研究

我国已迈入城市轨道交通大发展时期,然而国内城市轨道交通几乎整个行业均存在不同程度亏损。本文针对我国城市轨道交通发展面临的突出问题,借鉴国际先进城市轨道交通TOD模式发展的成功经验,提出了促进我国城市轨道交通TOD模式发展的建议。     

“Development strategies at station areas in southwestern China: The case of Mianyang city”

This paper analyses the possibilities for implementing a TOD model around a railway station in Mianyang City, in southwestern China, through a Node-Place model to determine the potential for developing the areas around railway stations to foster a sustainable economic and urban development. For this purpose, the implementation of a TOD model means an interesting sustainable way for smart growth, whose successful implementation will strongly depend on the context, where the Growth Pole Theory is being implemented through the Western Development Strategy to strengthen the Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Zone. The Hukou system (household registration) and the current rapid urbanization and motorization trends are featuring the economic growth, creating inequities among urban population, informal settlements and problems in the accessibility of low-income residents. Therefore, not only does it lead to an analysis of the most important station areas in northeastern Sichuan Province but also of the socio-economic trends of one of the most underdeveloped regions of the country, yet with a high potential to be developed. Consequently, the real situation of the Northeast of Sichuan province is studied through fieldworks which complement the lack of reliable information, determining the most suitable features for achieving the best urban planning solution.     

Measuring transit oriented development: a spatial multi criteria assessment approach for the City Region Arnhem and Nijmegen

Transit Oriented Development (TOD) is a planning approach that can stimulate sustainable development by encouraging better land use and transport integration. Arnhem Nijmegen City Region, a regional planning body, in the Netherlands, aims to promote sustainable development in their region and control the current pattern of increased use of cars vis-à-vis transit for longer commutes. Planning for TOD can help achieve this aim. It is believed that measuring the existing levels of TOD is a prerequisite for TOD planning and that it can be done using a TOD Index proposed in this research. A TOD Index measures multiple spatial indicators and aggregates them under the SMCA framework to arrive at a comprehensive value depicting the existing levels of TOD at a location or an area. Using this TOD Index, TOD levels were measured over the entire City Region covering approx. 1000 km². High levels of TOD imply that the urban development’s characteristics, at that location, are ripe for use of transit and these high levels, as expected, were found in the urban areas of Arnhem and Nijmegen. From the results of TOD Index measurement, using hot-spot analysis, those locations were identified that have high TOD levels but poor transit connectivity. These locations are accordingly recommended for better transit connectivity. As a part of our future work, it is intended to use the TOD Index to elevate TOD levels around existing transit nodes.     

基于WOD模式的区域发展路径探讨

在导向型发展模式研究基础上,探讨以水资源为导向的发展模式,提出了以水资源开发利用保护为导向的区域综合开发(water-oriented development, WOD)模式。解析了WOD模式的内涵和典型特征,开展了可行性分析,探析了WOD的实施路径,并提出了相关建议。在坚持“水资源最大刚性约束”和区域可持续发展理念的引导下,适时推广实践WOD模式,提出将水环境综合治理和水资源综合开发利用作为涉水地区绿色发展的主导因素与首要任务,是对水生态产品价值实现路径的有益探索,也为实现区域经济发展与自然环境和谐统一提供了新思路。     

TOD模式下的城市公共交通枢纽设计方法研究

TOD模式是以城市公共交通枢纽为核心的高强度土地利用模式,在国际上以新加坡、斯德哥尔摩等等城市为代表。这种高效、集约、可持续发展的城市开发模式在国内也越来越受到重视。城市公共交通枢纽作为在TOD开发模式中重要的一部分,其规划、设计和建设管理等方面研究的重要性亦日益显现。本文尝试将TOD开发与枢纽本身的设计联系起来,研究TOD模式下的枢纽设计的流程与方法,以期能够更好的达到交通与土地利用之间的相互协调,为乘客提供便捷、舒适、人性化的服务。     

新城市主义理念在小城镇规划中的应用

目前,我国已步入城市快速发展阶段,但城乡二元结构问题依然普遍存在。发展小城镇是我国城乡一体化战略实施的关键环节。近年来,我国大城市纷纷掀起新城规划和建设的高潮,以此来扩展原有的城市空间,并向外疏散人口、转移产业,新城的发展也成为周边小城镇发展的契机。在此背景下,新城市主义理念在我国小城镇规划领域开始探索应用。北京市怀柔区杨宋镇在镇域规划中初步探索了新城市主义理念的应用方式。实践表明,TOD模式应用于小城镇规划中,主要体现在多元化的土地使用、公共交通导向的交通组织、均享性的公共设施布局;TND模式在小城镇规划中的应用,则主要体现在小城镇的居住组团模式的运用、城镇空间尺度人性化塑造等方面。     

Advance transit oriented development typology: case study in Brisbane,Australia

Internationally, transit oriented development (TOD) is characterised by moderate to high density development with diverse land use patterns and well connected street networks centred around high frequency transit stops (bus and rail). Although different TOD typologies have been developed in different contexts, they are based on subjective evaluation criteria derived from the context in which they are built and typically lack a validation measure. Arguably there exist sets of TOD characteristics that perform better in certain contexts, and being able to optimise TOD effectiveness would facilitate planning and supporting policy development. This research utilises data from census collection districts (CCDs) in Brisbane with different sets of TOD attributes measured across six objectively quantified built environmental indicators: net employment density, net residential density, land use diversity, intersection density, cul-de-sac density, and public transport accessibility. Using these measures, a Two Step Cluster Analysis was conducted to identify natural groupings of the CCDs with similar profiles, resulting in four unique TOD clusters: (a) residential TODs, (b) activity centre TODs, (c) potential TODs, and (d) TOD non-suitability. The typologies are validated by estimating a multinomial logistic regression model in order to understand the mode choice behaviour of 10,013 individuals living in these areas. Results indicate that in comparison to people living in areas classified as residential TODs, people who reside in non-TOD clusters were significantly less likely to use public transport (PT) (1.4 times), and active transport (4 times) compared to the car. People living in areas classified as potential TODs were 1.3 times less likely to use PT, and 2.5 times less likely to use active transport compared to using the car. Only a little difference in mode choice behaviour was evident between people living in areas classified as residential TODs and activity centre TODs. The results suggest that: (a) two types of TODs may be suitable for classification and effect mode choice in Brisbane; (b) TOD typology should be developed based on their TOD profile and performance matrices; (c) both bus stop and train station based TODs are suitable for development in Brisbane.     

在TOD环境下土地开发的分析与对策

随着社会经济的发展,城市的规模在不断地扩大,“摊大饼”式的土地开发模式带来了交通、污染等等的城市病,给城市的发展蒙上了一层阴影。T0D土地开发模式利用快速公交站点为中心,进行以公交为导向的集约式土地开发,文章在对以公交为导向的土地利用发展模式(TOD)的分析的基础上,分析了TOD对地价的影响,提出在TOD环境下土地开发的对策,最后介绍了香港进行TOD土地开发的经验。     

一种跳频同步的抗干扰方法

提出了一种跳频模式同步系统的有效抗干扰措施。该方法综合利用了纠错编码技术和直接序列扩谱技术对TOD同步信息进行处理，对单频干扰和跟踪式干扰均有较好的对抗能力，提高了系统性能。