户籍制度扭曲及放松对经济的影响:理论与实证

户籍制度是我国劳动力流动的主要障碍.那么,当前我国的户籍扭曲程度几何?户籍制度放松对经济又会有怎样的影响?对这些问题的回答将有助于政府评估户籍制度改革的空间和经济效益.文章在Hansen和Prescott(2002)的两部门劳动力流动模型基础上,将工人分为农业和非农户口,引入户籍扭曲因子,构建两部门两类工人的户籍扭曲模型;然后,使用1984?2013年宏观经济数据度量户籍扭曲程度,并对2013年我国户籍制度逐渐放松过程中经济变量的变化进行模拟;最后,文章建立了包含"农业与非农"和"本地与外地"户籍差异的省份异质性户籍扭曲模型.研究表明:(1)经济和户籍制度改革的不同步导致了1984?2013年我国户籍扭曲程度呈现倒"U"形变化,且相较于韩国尚有较大的改善空间;(2)以韩国为参照,若2013年我国户籍制度完全放开,经济达到均衡时,农业部门和非农部门的就业人数将分别下降58.83%和上升26.92%,工资率将分别上升19.44%和下降6.77%,社会增加值将增长15.33%,这说明社会经济效率将得到提升,贫富差距将缩小.文章丰富和完善了户籍扭曲的理论模型,从减少劳动力流动摩擦的视角为政府制定相关政策提供了参考.

The Impacts of Distortion and Relaxation of the Hukou System on Chinese Economy: Theory and Evidence

In order to promote long-term economic development,on the one hand,we could increase the technology level or the quantity and quality of capital and labor input,on the other hand,we could en-hance the disposition efficiency by reducing the friction of factor flow. At present,the labor force in China has reached the ceiling,but with the development of the economy,the non-agriculture sectors have the increasing demand for labor force. The hukou system is the main obstacle to labor flow in China,and an increase in labor supply in non-agriculture sectors by a reduction in the friction of labor flow from rural to urban areas through the reform of hukou system is very important for achieving the long-term goal of keeping high-speed econom-ic development. Is the distortion of the hukou system high or low? What is the impact of the relaxation of hukou system on the economy? The answers to these questions are helpful for the governments to evaluate the space and economic benefits of the reform of hukou system,and provide guide for the ongoing reform of hukou system.Based on the two-sector labor flow model of Hansen and Prescott(2002),this paper divides workers into agriculture and non-agriculture ones,introduces distortion factors,and then constructs a hukou distortion mod-el with two sectors and two classes of workers. Using the macroeconomic data between 1984 and 2013,this paper measures the hukou distortion degree,simulates the change process of economic variables such as em-ployment,wage rates,added value and social capital in 2013 when the hukou system has been gradually re-laxed after taking the South Korea as a reference. It gives the answers to the research questions. Moreover, through an extension of the benchmark model,this paper provides a theoretical framework to study the influ-ences of the hukou system,by constructing a provincial heterogeneous hukou distortion model with hukou dif-ferences in "agriculture and non-agriculture" sectors and "local and non-local" hukou differences. It comes to the following conclusions:firstly,due to synchronization of economic reform and hukou re-form,the hukou distortion degree in China is presented in the inverted U-shape form,and has much room for improvement compared with South Korea. Secondly,if the hukou system is fully relaxed in 2013 after taking South Korea as a reference,the employment in agriculture and non-agriculture sectors will decrease by 58.83% and increase by 26.92% respectively,the wage rate will increase by 19.44% and decrease by 6.77% re-spectively,and the social added value will increase by 15.33%. The growth of social added value indicates the promotion of social and economic efficiency,and shrinking wage gap between these two sectors indicates that the gap between rural and urban areas has been narrowed. The conclusions of this paper provide important enlightenment for the reform of hukou system in China. It is mainly reflected in the following aspects:firstly,after 2006,the degree of household registration distor-tion in China has not been improved greatly,and the rising prices in cities are restricting the transfer of labor from rural to urban areas and from less-developed to developed cities. Secondly,a reduction in restrictions on hukou system helps to slow down the trend of labor force flow inversely from first or second tier cities to third or fourth tier cities and from towns to rural areas since 2016. Thirdly,the formulation of hukou system reform policies to reduce the social welfare gap between agriculture and non-agriculture households can solve the problem of labor shortage in non-agriculture sectors effectively. The theoretical contributions of this paper are as follows:firstly,by dividing workers into agriculture and non-agriculture ones,and introducing hukou distortion factor,this paper constructs a hukou distortion model with two sectors and two classes of workers. The model can better measure the hukou distortion degree and evaluate the influence of the hukou system on the economy. Secondly,it establishes a provincial heterogen-eous hukou distortion model with 'agriculture & non-agriculture' and 'local & non-local' differences,and provides a theoretical framework for discussing the impact of these two distortions on the economy. The practical contributions are as follows:firstly,the measurement of the hukou distortion degree and the analysis of the reason for the evolution process are of great significance for the governments to make hukou system reform policies. Secondly,it simulates the changes in economic variables in agriculture and non-agri-culture sectors in the process of relaxing the hukou distortion degree and evaluates the economic benefits brought by relaxing hukou system,providing theoretical basis for further hukou system reform in China.