美国商业核电站监管的进化与发展——基于美国核能监管委员会的发展史

通过分析研究美国从原子能委员会到核能监管委员会的演化进程,并运用实证分析手段解析引发核电监管机构进化的事件及背后的推动因素、监管机构的独立性和权力制衡的制度设计,使我们了解到:美国核能监管委员会是美国特定的政治、经济、文化环境下的产物,有其独特性;核能监管委员会的外部制约及内部约束机制,在保障其独立、公开、专业履行职责的同时,形成了行业安全至上的文化,建立起基于公信力的监管权威。进一步告诉我们,对核电完善的监督,尤其是消费者、公众和媒体对被监管者生产的产品和服务的监督,是防止核电监管失灵的最有效措施。

Regulation of Commercial Nuclear Plants in the USA Evolution and Progress of USNRC from a Historic Point of View

Based on empirical analysis of factors embedded in the occurrences and systematic design which balances independence and power of the regulator, the article recalls the historical transformation from the Atomic Energy Commission （AEC） to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission （NRC）, and concludes that although NRC is the result of US political, economic and cultural background, the well-designed supervision, especially that by media and public who are also the consumers of service and products produced by the regulated, is the only resort to prevent regulation from failure.