我国粮食产量的影响因素分析——基于空间经济学视角

文章基于空间经济学的研究视角,首先通过全域Moran’s I指数考察我国粮食生产的空间相关性,进而通过构建空间杜宾模型,引入空间效应,对影响我国粮食生产的因素进行分析。结果显示,我国粮食生产存在显著的正向空间相关性;粮食作物播种面积、化肥施用量对本地区粮食生产具有显著的正向影响;农业机械总动力对其他地区粮食生产具有较为显著的正向影响;化肥施用量是影响粮食产量的最主要因素。     

中国肉牛养殖生产布局的阶段特征、变迁路径和影响机制——基于2008—2019年省域统计数据的空间计量分析

[目的]为充分了解“十一五”“十二五”“十三五”期间中国肉牛养殖及育肥养殖生产布局的阶段特征、变迁路径和影响机制。[方法]文章运用2008—2019年中国各地肉牛年末存栏量和牛肉产量数据,利用生产集中度、生产重心迁移轨迹阐述生产布局的阶段特征和变迁路径,利用莫兰指数、吉尔里指数和G指数分析空间相关性,利用空间面板模型分析影响因素及效应。[结果]肉牛养殖生产重心向西北方迁移了154.6km,自2017年空间正相关逐渐显著,粗饲料资源禀赋、劳动力质量、技术进步和非农就业机会是布局变迁的重要影响因素;肉牛育肥养殖生产重心向西迁移了119.15km,三大指数均具有显著性,饲料资源禀赋、劳动力质量、技术进步、市场价格、交通通达度、畜牧产业比较优势和非农就业机会是布局变迁的重要影响因素。[结论]肉牛养殖和育肥养殖均呈现出由农区向牧区迁移趋势,且存在空间正相关性,但具体变迁路径和影响机制有所差异,就此提出“合理编制肉牛生产规划、系统加强流通环节建设、强化科学技术支撑、保障饲料稳定供应”的政策建议。     

农机社会化服务对玉米生产技术效率的影响研究

[目的]农业现代化离不开农业生产效率的提升,研究农机社会化服务对玉米生产技术效率的作用效果,从而推动农机社会化服务与粮食生产的共同发展。[方法]文章基于2019年对12省区农户调查数据,通过随机前沿模型和倾向得分匹配法(PSM),分析农机社会化服务对玉米生产技术效率的影响效果。[结果]目前整体上我国农户玉米生产技术效率较高,不同农户间技术效率差异较大;农机社会化服务对玉米生产技术效率存在正向影响效应,Rosenbaum边界估计结果与敏感性分析说明变量的选择性偏差控制在合理范围之内,即使无法完全避免遗漏变量,其研究结果依然稳健可信。[结论]农机社会化服务对玉米种植技术效率的影响净效应为11.2%～11.6%。因此在玉米种植中进一步推广农机社会化服务,确实将有助于我国玉米种植的技术效率、提升要素配置水平,有效实现小规模农户和现代农业发展有机衔接,助力我国实现农业现代化与保障粮食安全。     

我国不同区域在新阶段粮食连增中的贡献因素分析

[目的]通过将我国三大粮食功能区粮食生产变化量的贡献因素分解为粮食单产贡献、耕地面积贡献、粮食播种面积占农作物总播种面积比值的贡献以及复种指数贡献四种,试图探讨各因素对粮食生产变化量的贡献及时空差异化原因。[方法]利用第二次国土资源普查数据对耕地面积进行调整,采用LMDI对数平均迪氏指数模型对我国31个省域粮食生产总量变化的贡献因素进行分解,并对不同区域粮食生产变化量贡献因素的时空差异进行比较分析。[结果]研究结果表明2004~2013年间粮食三大功能产区粮食生产变化量出现显著的空间分异,粮食生产分布向主产区集中,其对全国粮食连增的贡献率达到88%。在影响粮食生产变化量的贡献因素中,粮食单产因素对粮食十连增的贡献率达到60%,成为三大粮食产区尤其是主销区粮食生产的主要贡献因素,播种面积因素(包括耕地面积贡献、粮食播种面积占农作物总播种面积的比值贡献以及复种指数贡献)对粮食十连增的贡献率为40%。[结论]新阶段我国粮食连增主要由粮食主产区引领,粮食单产贡献是不同区域粮食生产变化量的主要贡献因素。     

生猪价格的省域空间溢出效应及其动态关联分析——基于空间面板模型和DY分解

目的 分析生猪价格的省际空间溢出效应,并通过各省域间价格联动效应探究我国生猪价格体系的传导机制,对治理我国生猪产业区域不均衡发展问题具有重要意义。方法 文章建立空间杜宾模型探索生猪价格的空间传导特性,引入溢出效应分解分析替代品价格、成本要素对省域生猪价格的冲击效应,并运用广义预测误差分解测定省际生猪价格关联水平及方向。结果 （1）我国生猪价格波动具有显著空间相关性和异质性,其空间集聚特征随时间推移愈发显著,产业布局呈现“高—高南部簇拥,低—低东向西扩”的空间演变特征。（2）省内替代品价格、成本要素对生猪价格波动的影响显著但作用力度有限,省际溢出效应是生猪价格发生空间传导的主导因素。（3）鸡肉价格与省内、省外的生猪价格存在密切正向关联;牛肉价格波动推动本省生猪价格同步波动;豆粕价格波动对本省或邻省生猪价格均起到正向推动作用;玉米价格变化引起本省或邻省生猪价格的负向变化。（4）辽宁、河北、吉林、河南等省的正向净关联度较大,属于波动“主导者”或“发动者”;上海、广西、重庆等省市的负净关联度较大,隶属价格波动的“接收者”;江苏、湖南、福建等省市的关联度和全国平均关联度持平,在价格波动传导体系中属于波动“中介者”。结论 有关部门应针对不同省域在生猪价格传导体系中所发挥职能的不同,分级管控生猪价格,同时促进地方畜牧业经济发展,不断优化我国生猪养殖产业区域布局。     

我国奶牛养殖区域布局的变动与成因——基于全国省级面板数据的实证研究

[目的]奶牛养殖业是奶业产业的起始环节,研究奶牛养殖区域布局演变规律和成因,是进一步优化奶牛养殖布局,提高奶牛综合生产能力,进而推进实现我国奶业振兴的现实要求。[方法]文章基于1996—2016年我国省级面板数据,对奶牛养殖区域布局情况进行描述性统计分析,并运用区域重心分析法综合考察奶牛养殖区域布局重心变动的轨迹和特征,选取个体固定效应模型对奶牛养殖区域布局变动的影响因素进行实证分析。[结果]计量结果表明,奶牛存栏滞后一期、奶牛存栏滞后二期、玉米年产量、大豆年产量、乳企数量、技术进步、财政政策支持和禁牧政策是影响奶牛养殖布局变动的主要因素,且影响程度有所不同。[结论]提出把握奶牛养殖区域变动规律、加强奶牛养殖生态环境建设、合理规划玉米与大豆的种植区域、加快奶牛养殖技术创新、优化乳制品企业布局、增加财政补贴等政策建议。     

长江三角洲地区农产品主产区域粮食生产效率研究

[目的]主体功能区规划是我国国土空间开发与保护的重要规划,长江三角洲地区优化开发区域、重点开发区域相对集中,为此,分析长江三角洲地区农产品主产区域粮食生产效率及其特征,提出保障粮食生产的对策建议。[方法]利用上海、江苏、浙江、安徽等省(市)主体功能区规划数据,首先构建DEA模型测算2013—2017年长江三角洲地区农产品主产区域县(市)的粮食生产效率,分析各县(市)粮食生产效率的差异特征;然后利用Malmquist指数模型分析全要素生产效率的时空演变特征。[结果]2013—2017年综合效率均未达到DEA有效,规模效率均高于纯技术效率,总体上呈现远离集中连片的优化开发区域、重点开发区域的县(市)粮食综合效率较高的空间格局。全要素生产率下降0.7%,技术进步效率下降0.8%,技术效率变化上升0.1%,纯技术效率指数上升0.4%,规模效率下降0.2%。江苏、安徽两省的技术效率变化、纯技术效率变化、规模效率变化以及Malmquist生产率变化均高于长三角地区农产品主产区均值。[结论]国家应分类施策,加强科技投入,强化长江三角洲地区粮食生产合作机制。     

我国粮食生产的变化趋势及空间分异研究

［目的］探究我国粮食生产的空间布局演变,以期为新时期如何从整体上优化粮食生产布局、加快推进农业现代化的步伐提供理论参考。［方法］综合分析了1978—2018年我国粮食种植面积、总产量和单产水平的演变特征及三大主粮（玉米、稻谷和小麦）对全国粮食总产量的贡献变化趋势。基于省域尺度,对31个省（市、区）粮食种植面积、产量和单产的空间分异进行了探究,并采用全局Moran′s I指数和全局G系数分析了省域粮食单产量的相关关系。［结果］（1）1978—1985年我国粮食种植面积整体呈现递减的趋势,由于单产的大幅提升,总产量持续增长。1986—1999年种植面积相对波动较小,由于单产的不稳定导致总产量波动较大。2000—2003年随着种植面积的短暂降低,粮食产量也整体呈降低趋势,这个阶段单产水平也不稳定。2004—2017年由于单产和播种面积的共同作用,粮食产量基本呈现逐年递增的变化趋势。2018年相对2017年,粮食产量虽有所下降,但减幅不大,仍处于高产水平。玉米对产量的贡献超过水稻,成为我国第一大主粮。（2）我国粮食主产区主要集中在东部地区。2008—2018年各省（市、区）粮食种植面积呈现不同的变化趋势,其中北京、天津等10个（市、区）的种植面积降低幅度均在30%以上,其他地区或是面积扩大或是变化较小。相对种植面积,大部分省（市、区）的产量增加比例较大,尤其是主产区。（3）全国各地区粮食单产量呈现明显的递增趋势,粮食主产区较明显,空间布局变化较小。全国省域粮食单产量存在显著的正相关,空间溢出效应明显。［结论］在稳定粮食种植面积的基础上,提高单产水平,仍是新时期保障我国粮食安全的重要举措。     

江苏乡村旅游产业空间相关性及影响因素研究

[目的]区域经济空间外溢现象比较普遍,且乡村旅游产业日益壮大,在经济的空间依赖性变得逐渐加强的这一背景下,乡村旅游产业在区域间是否也存在一定的空间相关性,是一个值得研究的问题。[方法]文章以2016年江苏省数据为依据,综合运用GIS10.2和GEODA空间分析软件,采用Moran′s I指数研究江苏省13个地级市乡村旅游的空间相关性;采用空间统计学计量方法对江苏省乡村旅游影响因素进行定量分析。[结果](1)江苏省乡村旅游存在明显的空间相关性,区域乡村旅游发展受临近地区溢出效应影响明显;(2)江苏省乡村旅游发展影响最大的因素为城乡差距,其次为交通状况和市场需求,影响最不显著的为农业及旅游发展状况;城乡差距、交通状况、市场需求和旅游发展对江苏省乡村旅游发展表现出正向促进作用,而农业基础对江苏省乡村旅游发展具有一定负向作用;且城乡差距、交通状况正向推动作用非常明显。[结论]江苏省发展乡村旅游要注重地理因素在其间发挥的效应,依靠极化效应,发挥对临近区域的带动作用。且发展乡村旅游要着重从交通状况改善、发挥居民发展乡村旅游积极性、促进当地旅游发展等方面入手。     

中国粮食生产效率及影响因素分析*——基于DEA Tobit两步法研究

[目的]通过测算中国各省市粮食生产效率评价中国粮食生产综合绩效,并从支农政策、要素投入等维度考察其对中国粮食生产效率的影响。[方法]基于2004—2016年省域面板数据,采用MalmquistDEA模型对粮食生产效率进行测度和分解,并运用面板Tobit随机效应模型对粮食生产效率影响因素进行实证检验。[结果]研究期内粮食生产全要素生产率及其分解指标总体达到DEA有效,且具有明显的时空差异特征;粮食全要素生产率改进主要源于技术进步,而技术效率作用偏低,"单引擎"驱动特征明显;化肥、农用机械、灌溉及支农政策对粮食全要素生产率、技术进步、技术效率均具有正向促进作用,但化肥投入对技术效率作用不显著,各因素作用强度排序为"支农政策化肥农业机械灌溉",且这些影响同样具有区域差异。[结论]提升粮食全要素生产率时要注重农业技术更要逐步提升农业技术效率,通过改革财政支农政策体系和转变要素投入结构来提升中国粮食综合生产效率。     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.     

国土资源行政管理的若干应用基础理论问题（上）——自然资源属性分析

从自然属性、技术属性、经济属性三个角度分析入手 ,建立了自然资源的科学分类体系。     

实施全球资源战略 保障资源供应安全

实施全球资源战略是经济全球化趋势的客观要求,而经济全球化在为发展中国家提供发展机遇的同时,又对国家安全提出了严峻挑战.本文在阐述我国实施全球资源战略客观性、必要性的基础上,提出了我国实施全球资源战略中防范和抵御全球化负面影响、保障资源供应安全的措施建议.     

重构乡村基层社会生活的实态--一个值得深入考察的徽州古村落宅坦

古村落宅坦位于绩溪西部的崇山峻岭之中 ,胡氏宗族在生存条件极为恶劣的情况下 ,组织族人改造环境 ,使之成为人与自然和谐相处的乡村社会。千百年来 ,在特定的时空条件下 ,经过一系列的社会变迁 ,古村落已形成宗族组织、文化科举和商业的良性互动 ,从而创造了古村落的文明。三者之间宗族居于核心地位。传统中国社会的动乱也会在这里引起反响 ,但是由于宗族聚居的格局使古村落乃至徽州社会具有特殊的应变力 ,直至近代仍保持自身的稳定。宅坦村有着丰富的资料遗存 ,为我们在宅坦从事田野考察、重构古村落的实态 ,提供了必要的前提。可以预见 ,宅坦必将以其丰富的人文内涵为世人所瞩目