所得税盈余管理研究综述及启示

一、所得税税负最小化的盈余管理研究(一)平滑所得税税负动机的盈余管理研究公司对存货后进先出法和先进先出法的选择方面,由于要求公司财务会计、税收会计要具有一致性,很多公司出于税赋目的而选择后进先出法。当公司预计存货成本会提高时,选择后进先出法可以降低所得税的税负,从而间接地增加现金流入。该方面的研究表明,倾向价值最大化的公司管理层会选择后进先出法。Cloyd(1996)等研究所得课税对盈余管理的影响,检验公司是否出于纳税考虑而采用激进的会计政策,同时选择与此相应的财务报告处理方式使二者趋于     

所得税盈余管理研究综述

<正>一、所得税税负最小化的盈余管理研究(一)平滑所得税税负动机的盈余管理研究公司对存货后进先出法和先进先出法的选择方面,由于要求公司财务会计、税收会计要具有一致性,很多公司出于税赋目的而选择后进先出法。当公司预计存货成本会提高时,选择后进先出法可以降低所得税的税负,从而间     

存货会计政策与成本流动假设的经济学分析

存货是大多数企业的重要流动资产,基于不同的成本流转假设理论,存货计价方法一般可划分为具体辨认法、平均成本法、先进先出法、基本存货法、后进先出法等。存货会计政策选择具有广泛的经济后果,影响企业的财务状况、收益质量、税收成本、现金流量、经营者业绩与其报酬、公司股票价格及报表使用者理解会计信息等。本文认为,各种存货计价政策对企业净利润产生的差异均属于“时间性差异“,在若干个会计期间内,企业无论选择何种会计政策,产生的净利润和经营性现金流量都应该是相等的,企业之所以进行会计政策选择是为了取得上述会计数据不同时间分布带来的各种可能的经济利益。     

后进先出法的完善及其应用

存货计价方法的选择是制订企业会计政策的一项重要内容。选择不同的存货计价方法将会导致不同的报告利润和存货估价结果，并对企业的税收负担、现金流量产生影响。在实际工作中，许多企业基于纳税的目的而选择采取后进先出法，本文拟对后进先出法的特点及其应用中可能出现的主要问题进行分析，并对改进后进先出法的核算提出建议，以期有助于我国后进先出法在实务中的广泛应用。     

分类后进先出法的探讨与应用

存货计价方法的选择是制定企业会计政策的一项重要内容，选择不同的存货计价方法将会导致不同的报告利润和存货估价结果，并对企业的税收负担，现金流量产生影响，我国《企业会计准则）规定：“各种存货发出时，企业可以根据实际情况，选择使用先进先出法，加权平均法，移动平均法，个别计坐法，后进先出法等方法确定其实际成本，在实际工作中，许多企业基于纳税的目的而选择采取后进先出法，本对后进先出法的特点及其应用中可能出现的主要问题进行分析，探讨。     

新会计准则对企业利润操纵的探析

一、新会计准则对传统利润操纵手段的冲击 （一）压缩会计政策、会计估计变更的选择空间。新会计准则较多地压缩了会计估计和会计政策的选择项目,限定了企业利润调节的空间范围,规范和控制企业对利润的人为操纵,提高会计信息质量。主要表现在：存货发出计价,取消“后进先出法”,一律采用“先进先出法”。这项准则变动将使得企业无法再将变更存货计价方法作为利润调节手段,促使企业的存货真实地反映实际的历史成本,     

企业所得税税收筹划——以杭州海康威视数字技术股份有限公司为例

税收筹划在经济高速发展、市场高度活跃的当下,越来越受到企业的重视。所得税税收筹划的方式繁多,会计政策的选择是其中一种不可被忽视的方法之一。文章从会计政策和税收筹划的基本理论为基调出发,论述了会计政策的选择对税收筹划的重要性。以高新技术企业杭州海康威视数字技术股份有限公司为例,以公司的会计政策和税负情况作为切入点,对其需要改进的地方提出意见,也对其合理的税收筹划提出肯定。同时,提出了企业在税收筹划中可能面对的风险并给出建议。     

会计方法选择的影响因素与比较

会计方法选择是指在会计准则对经济事项的会计处理提供多种处理方法时．会计主体选择最适应自身的处理方法。财务报表中的报告数字是会计单位所选择会计方法的结果表示。不同的会计方法选择．对于相同的会计事项，在财务报告中所揭示的数字不同。如存货计价方法，有单个计价法、加权平均法、先进先出法、后进先出法等．会计单位需要选择一个符合自身特性的方法。会计单位在选择会计方法时，必须考虑法律法规、会计基本原则等多方面因素．下面对影响会计方法选择的因素进行探讨。     

基于利益相关者视角下企业会计政策选择分析

目前,我国会计政策选择随着社会经济水平的提高以及公司经济活动的纷繁复杂而逐渐得到丰富。而会计政策的选择往往会涉及众多利益相关者的切身收益,因为他们拥有不同的会计政策选择偏好。文章以利益相关者理论为基础来探讨不同利益主体对会计政策的选择问题,指出目前企业会计政策选择中所存在的利益关系问题,并针对上市公司各利益相关者对会计政策选择提出相应建议。     

浅论企业所得税税收筹划的会计政策选择

税收筹划基于纳税人追求税后利润最大化的需求产生。所得税作为税收筹划的重要对象,有很多税收筹划的切入点,如纳税人身份的选择、企业地址的选择、会计政策的选择等等。在进行税收筹划时选择不同的会计政策对企业所得税总体税收负担有较大的影响。     

Agency,corporate control and accounting methods–the lifo-fifo choice

The study examines the effect of the firm's ownership structure on its management's choice of LIFO or FIFO inventory valuation methods. Managers of widely held firms are found to select the accounting method that furthers their own interests, thus causing the firms' owners to bear agency costs that appear to be substantial.     

盈余管理、审计费用与所得税会计政策选择——基于沪深A股上市公司年报数据的实证分析

本文以2003～2005年沪深A股上市公司年报数据为依据,分析了所得税会计核算方法选择与盈余管理程度、审计费用水平之间的关系。研究发现:在我国现行的应税收益-会计收益的差异水平下,应付税款法与纳税影响会计法核算的总体绩效评价指标、盈利预测误差程度均没有显著差异;而采用纳税影响会计法的公司,其盈余管理程度、审计费用水平(“簿记成本“的替代变量)均显著高于采用应付税款法的公司,说明盈余管理与薄记成本是影响所得税会计政策选择的重要因素。     

Strategic behavior and social outcomes in a bottleneck queue: experimental evidence

We theoretically and experimentally study the differential incentive effects of three well known queue disciplines in a strategic environment in which a bottleneck facility opens and impatient players decide when to arrive. For a class of three-player games, we derive equilibrium arrivals under the first-in-first-out (FIFO), last-in-first-out (LIFO), and service-in-random-order (SIRO) queue disciplines and compare these predictions to outcomes from a laboratory experiment. In line with our theoretical predictions, we find that people arrive with greater dispersion when participating under the LIFO discipline, whereas they tend to arrive immediately under FIFO and SIRO. As a consequence, shorter waiting times are obtained under LIFO as compared to FIFO and SIRO. However, while our theoretical predictions admit higher welfare under LIFO, this is not recovered experimentally as the queue disciplines provide similar welfare outcomes.     

经济学视角:后进先出法与先进先出法

作为一种沿用多年的发出存货计价方法,后进先出法曾经被视为先进先出法缺陷的完美补充。近年来,包括我国在内的各国会计准则又先后将其舍弃,其中的原因是什么?文章拟从经济学视角,对其进行探讨,以求得出有说服力的解释。     

Managing Discretionary Accruals and Book‐Tax Differences in Anticipation of Tax Rate Increases: Evidence from China

This paper investigates how firms manage their earnings to trade off various incentives when tax rates increase. We hypothesize and find that firms generally choose to manage their taxable income upward in a book‐tax non‐conforming manner rather than in a book‐tax conforming manner before a tax rate increment, which in turn reduces the detection risk of aggressive financial reporting. These results suggest that firms give more weight to tax incentives and tax audit or regulatory inspection risks than to boosting financial reporting income in tax management. However, when firms have higher book management incentives or lower tunneling incentives (i.e., non‐state‐owned enterprises), we find that they manage their taxable income and book income upward together (i.e., in a book‐tax conforming manner), whereas their counterparts (i.e., state‐owned enterprises) do not. Overall, our paper contributes to the literature by demonstrating the interplay of tax, tunneling and financial reporting incentives in influencing tax management strategies. The findings from our paper should also help government and regulators understand more about firms’ reactions to tax rate increases.     

Determinants of the medium of payment used to acquire privately-held targets

Since private firms have a unique ownership structure, the method of payment decision when acquiring private firms is influenced by a different set of factors than the method of payment decision when acquiring public firms. We find that bidders are more likely to pay for private targets with stock when the capital gain tax rate is relatively high. This relationship is attributed to greater tax benefits to private owners who receive stock in periods when the capital gains tax is high. Bidders are more likely to use stock in takeovers when the targets are high-tech firms, which we attribute to protection against overpayment by using a contingent pricing method. Bidders are more likely to use cash in takeovers since the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which we attribute to the higher level of due diligence by bidder managers and board members, and therefore a reduced need for contingent pricing methods like stock. Overall, the results suggest the likelihood of using stock to acquire private targets is positively related to the information asymmetry between the parties, while the likelihood of using cash is greater when conditions (such as SOX) reduce the information asymmetry.     

Accounting methods and managerial discretion: The case of dollar-value LIFO

This paper focuses on inconsistencies in cost-flow behavior associated with the use of dollarvalue LIFO. These inconsistencies can lead to confusing inventory valuations, potentially misleading accounting reports, incorrect purchasing decisions, and unanticipated tax results. Understanding these effects will enhance the use of dollar-value LIFO as a management tool and will improve the interpretation of financial accounting information. With dollar-value LIFO for multiple items, much of the conventional wisdom about LIFO vanishes. The relationships among inventory purchases, inventory liquidations, and gross margin are derived.     

LIFO adoption and dividend payout

Adoption of the LIFO inventory costing method tends to decrease reported earnings but increases cash flows to adopting firms. This study examines the change in dividend payout ratios (cash dividends divided by earnings) accompanying LIFO adoption. The question addressed is whether adopting firms likely paid out incremental cash flows or retained them to the benefit of management. The evidence suggests that managers and directors adjusted payout ratios to partially offset the negative earnings effect of LIFO. The adjustments made were not sufficient in magnitude to achieve a neutral LIFO effect on dividend payout, and the net result was the retention of incremental cash flows generated by LIFO adoption.     

Debt Maturity and Tax Avoidance

This study proposes and empirically tests the argument that creditors are likely to extend debt with a shorter maturity to tax-avoiding firms so that they can frequently re-evaluate tax-related risk in debt contracting. Using effective tax rates and uncertain tax benefits as a proxy for tax avoidance, I find that tax-avoiding firms have a larger proportion of short-maturity debt compared to other firms. The empirical findings further show that firms with unsustainable tax positions and with subsidiaries in tax-haven countries are more likely to employ short-maturity debt. Collectively, the empirical findings suggest that frequent debt renegotiations increase the exposure of tax-avoiding firms to credit supply shocks, contributing to their higher demand for cash.     

特殊销售方式选择在纳税筹划中的应用

企业销售过程中,往往会为了促销而选择不同形式的促销方式,不同的促销方式在税法的定义中有所不同,势必对企业的税收负担影响也不同。本文旨在对不同形式的促销方式进行分析,提出每种促销方式所可以采纳的纳税筹划方式,从而降低企业税负,达到企业价值最大化。