减轻农民负担的财政思考

农民负担过重不仅是农业可持续发展的制约因素之一 ,而且也是影响社会安定的重大隐患之一。因此 ,探讨如何减轻农民负担 ,既是一个理论问题 ,也是一个亟需解决的现实问题。当前 ,减轻农民负担还具有扩大内需、刺激经济的重要社会意义。一、农村公共分配关系不顺是妨碍减轻农民负担的根本性制约因素造成农民负担过重的原因是多方面的 ,但主要是农村公共分配关系不合理。现行的农村公共分配关系是在特殊历史条件下形成的。由于在撤销人民公社、建立乡镇财政初期 ,乡镇财政的财力十分有限 ,只能满足乡镇政府实现其基本职能的部分需要 (勉强维持…     

我国乡镇财政状况与农民负担关系探析

表面上看，乡镇财政的收入与农民负担是成正比的。但农民负担过重势必影响到农民的生活水平也直接关系到农业经济的正常发展。因此有必要分析并正确处理好二之间的关系。     

农村税费制度改革是农民负担过重问题的治本之策

农民负担问题已经成为影响农村经济发展乃至农村社会稳定的重要因素 ,造成农民负担过重的原因是现行财税体制扭曲了分配关系 ,只有对农村税费制度改革进行深化 ,才会从制度层面遏制农民负担过重问题     

论农村公共产品供给与农民负担

农民负担本质上是农民消费农村公共产品付出的代价。农村公共产品供给数量和结构不符合农民需求,就会造成农民负担过重和不规范问题。解决农民负担问题的根本出路是改革和完善农村公共产品供给体制。     

农民负担问题透析

农民负担过重的九大表现 农民负担过重的八大原因 农民负担过重的三大后果 农民负担过重的七大对策     

试论减轻农民负担 推进农村和谐社会发展

近几年来，为减轻农民负担，中央尽管出台了一系列稳农富农政策，促进了农村经济发展，但在广大农村，尤其是在偏远的纯农业乡村，农民负担过重的问题仍然不可忽视。本文对当前农民负担过重的原因进行了分析，并提出了减轻农民负担的重要措施，从而达到减轻农民负担推进农村和谐社会发展的最终目的。     

农村税费改革应重在治本

农村税费改革是建国50年来,继农村土地改革和农村家庭联产承包责任制之后的农村第三次革命.其中心问题是依法调整和规范国家、集体与农民的利益关系,将农村分配制度纳入法治轨道,从根本上解决农民负担过重问题.从全国及安徽省的试点情况看,农村税费改革对于减轻农民负担,规范税费管理体制,稳定税负水平,简化征税方式等方面的绩效是明显的,意义是深远的.但是,由于试点方案仍没有突破原有的单纯的费改税的框架,把农民负担过重问题仅仅视为农村内部乡镇政府与农民的利益纠纷问题,就此而言,目前的农村税费改革还只是减轻农民负担的治标之策.     

新形势下强化乡镇财政管理探析

乡镇财政是作为我国最基层的一级财政。乡镇财政的问题是关系到党和国家的方针、政策在农村的贯彻和落实,关系到减轻农民负担、维护农村社会稳定的重大问题。本文简单论述了加强乡镇财政管理的必要性,通过乡镇财政管理存在问题的论述,寻找出强化新形势下乡镇财政管理工作的新途径。     

新常态下加强乡镇财政管理工作的研究——以浙江省奉化市为例

乡镇财政是我国最基层的一级财政。乡镇财政是关系到党和国家的方针、政策在农村的贯彻和落实,关系到减轻农民负担、维护农村社会稳定的重大问题。文章简述了奉化市不断推进乡镇财政建设,进一步提升乡镇财政保障水平和服务发展能力,并逐步建立起与该市经济发展状况相适应的管理机制,随着乡镇政府职能的不断转变,农村社会管理和改善农村民生的任务日益加重,乡镇财政收支压力明显增大,乡镇可用财力不足、财政机构不健全、管理水平不均衡、事权划分不明、债务规模增长快。文章就此提出在新常态下需寻找强化乡镇财政管理工作的新途径。     

谈农民减负的三项措施

农民负担包括合理负担和不合理负担。农民负担过重的主要原因是不合理负担加重造成的,减轻农民负担的根本措施是取消不合理负担。     

正视农村剩余劳动力转移的挑战

中国在10年左右的周期内农村剩余劳动力转出的总规模需要达到1．5亿到两亿人。城乡劳动力对就业岗位的竞争正在趋于激化。大中型城市将是新增就业岗位的主要来源。就业岗位正在成为国际竞争中最稀缺的资源。就业优先应当成为最重要的战略取向。劳动力市场发育要优先于其他要素的市场发育,就业岗位增加要优先于社会收入水平提高。就业政策的重点是要防止供求不平衡导致交易价格被压低到供给成本之下,同时保证有限的就业机会优先分配给最优秀、最有效率的群体。     

Economic feasibility analysis for electrical generation from biogas in waste disposal sites in Mexico City

This article highlights the main aspects related to energy generation from biogas in a controlled landfill of Mexico City in order to determine profits and environmental benefits. The designed structures and public policies to provide waste management services in Mexico City have been exceeded. A significant increase in demand has led the government of Mexico City to base public services on rudimentary techniques using obsolete equipment. The modernization of waste disposal facilities and the diversification of services linked to waste treatment can offer several business opportunities to optimize energy generation from solid wastes. The use of landfills to dispose large amounts of waste enables the energy generation from biogas. The energy generated can diversify the electricity market and provide economic benefits to landfills managers to cover operational costs.     

Why did wage inequality increase? Evidence from urban India 1983–99

Since the start of the economic reform in 1991, there have been serious concerns regarding the increasing income inequality in India. However, no studies have analyzed how and why the inequality has been accelerated. This study aims to fill these knowledge gaps. The main findings are: (1) The wage inequality in urban India started increasing before 1991; (2) The increase in the wage inequality was mainly attributable to increases in the returns to skills; (3) The accelerating skill premium was due to increases in the demand for skilled labor. The demand shift is attributed to skill-biased technological changes within industries.     

Going Through Hell: Increased Work Effort in the Aftermath of Terrorism in Norway*

I analyze how sickness‐absence behavior in Norwegian municipalities was affected by exposure to the terrorist attack in Norway in 2011. The main finding is that in municipalities from which a resident was killed in the attack, sickness absence declined by 4 percent compared with municipalities without victims. The effect is precise, stable, and persistent. The results do not seem to be driven by changing labor market composition. The effect is found also in neighboring municipalities and is larger for people close to the age of the victims.     

Publication Performance of Economists and Economics Departments in Turkey (1999–2003)

This is the first study evaluating the publication performances of economists and economics departments in Turkey. The international (article) publication performance of Turkish economic departments in general is found to be rather poor. There is a wide gap in particular between the top five universities and the economists affiliated to them and those outside the top five. The paper also provides evidence in favour of private higher education. The publication patterns of economists in Turkey are shown to be similar to those of their counterparts in the rest of the world.     

烟台地区耕地资源态势及宏观驱动力研究

利用改革开放20多年来烟台地区耕地统计资料和近5年土地详查与变更数据,研究揭示了该区耕地资源利用与变化的基本特征,耕地数量变化的基本过程、空间差异及耕地流向,初步探讨了耕地数量变化的主要驱动因子及其影响机制,得出以下结论：①20多年来,烟台地区耕地数量呈明显的波动减少趋势,经历了缓慢减少一急剧减少一缓慢减少的变化过程,并在1985年前后、1987—1990年和1991—1993年出现了3次明显的耕地流失高峰;②耕地的主要流向是工矿用地、居民点和各类交通用地以及果园,耕地的增加主要是未利用土地的开垦和工矿用地的整理与复垦;③经济发展、人口增长和政策是耕地面积变化的主要宏观驱动因子,耕地数量变化过程中的明显突变与国家宏观政策背景相关联,耕地快速减少在发生时间上与经济的过热增长基本同步,在空间分布上与地区经济发展速度和水平的差异相一致;此外,人口增加对耕地减少的驱动也不可忽视。     

The macroeconomics of India's 6th five year plan

A macrodynamic model is constructed to analyse the potential stabilization problems related to the implementation of the 6th Five Year Plan in India. The model is in the applied general equilibrium tradition emphasizing the role of structural factors in the macroeconomy. The macroeconomics of the plan are discussed in relation to the development of the overall savings investment balance. The performance of the private savings and the agricultural production capacity is shown to be crucial to achieve the planned growth with stable inflation and income distribution.     

Bank-led restructuring in Poland: the conciliation process in action1

Poland's 1993 Enterprise and Bank Restructuring Programme (EBRP) tried to force state-owned commercial banks to build institutional capacity and resolve their problem loans. The outcome of its innovative bank-led workout (‘conciliation’) process, documented in this study of 62 firms, is decidedly mixed. The EBRP forced banks to confront their problems, helped them to build instituional capacity in their workout units, and furthered the difficult task of weeding out and closing clearly unviable firms. Yet it had limited power to promote needed restructuring or privatization in firms. The conciliation agreements were relatively unsophisticated and include few tangible requirements for operational or management change. The first two years of implementation saw a slowdown (over earlier years) in the rate of layoffs, a decline in average operating profitablility, and very little real privatization. The main impact of conciliation appears to have been to reduce debt service and thereby give firms ‘breathing room’.     

论网络营销在我国的发展

随着Internet的迅猛发展,不仅人们的生活方式和思想观念发生了根本性的变革,也引起了营销方式、贸易形态和交易方式的巨大变化。网络营销以其压倒性的优势应运而生,并且一问世便引起了巨大的变革。它代表着21世纪市场营销的大趋势,正在成为网络经济中最热门、最活跃的活动之一,也是各国争先发展、各个产业部门最为关注的领域。它为企业掌握市场需求、开拓全新市场、参与国际竞争、减少中间环节、降低营销成本等提供了现代化的信息手段。文中着重探讨了什么是网络营销,如何认识网络营销,网络营销在我国的发展形势怎样,如何更好地开展网络营销。     

The water footprint of coffee and tea consumption in the Netherlands

A cup of coffee or tea in our hand means manifold consumption of water at the production location. The objective of this study is to assess the global water footprint of the Dutch society in relation to its coffee and tea consumption. The calculation is carried out based on the crop water requirements in the major coffee and tea exporting countries and the water requirements in the subsequent processing steps. In total, the world population requires about 140 billion cubic metres of water per year in order to be able to drink coffee and tea. The standard cup of coffee and tea in the Netherlands costs about 140 l and 34 l of water respectively. The largest portions of these volumes are attributable to growing the plants. The Dutch people account for 2.4% of the world coffee consumption. The total water footprint of Dutch coffee and tea consumption amounts to 2.7 billion cubic metres of water per year (37% of the annual Meuse runoff). The water needed to drink coffee or tea in the Netherlands is not Dutch water. The most important sources for the Dutch coffee are Brazil and Colombia and for the Dutch tea Indonesia, China and Sri Lanka. The major volume of water to grow the coffee plant comes from rainwater. For the overall water need in coffee production, it makes hardly any difference whether the dry or wet production process is applied, because the water used in the wet production process is a very small fraction (0.34%) of the water used to grow the coffee plant. However, the impact of this relatively small amount of water is often significant. First, it is blue water (abstracted from surface and ground water), which is sometimes scarcely available. Second, the wastewater generated in the wet production process is often heavily polluted.