Mind-Dependence. The Past in the Grip of the Present

Synopsis Recent developments in economic literature have pointed out that path-dependence has a cognitive dimension. The paper shows how this result may be analyzed in more depth, by making explicit the links between the properties of path-dependent processes in economics and the functioning of the mind. Through the investigation of memory mechanisms, we explain why human beings might be considered as complex systems whose growth follows a stochastic and non-ergodic dynamic. Our main claim is that the concept of path-dependence, as commonly interpreted, does not take the reconstructive nature which characterizes human memory into full account. When such nature is acknowledged, the relevance of the mind in orientating individual attitude toward the past is extended and seems to be more important than discussed in the traditional literature. To specifically clarify the active role played by the human mind in the continuous process of revising past experiences and their influence on current outcomes, we introduce the concept of mind-dependence. Among the most relevant implications for economic theory, mind-dependence extends the meaning of lock-in and allows for the definition of new devices to escape trapping states.      

Agents of change

Evolutionary accounts in economics have offered a new look at economic development. Advancing on the limited cognitive capacities, they have shown that structural change follows technological, institutional and ideological paths. The present examination suggests an add-on to this cognitive portrayal of change. Drawing on Schumpeter’s theory of innovation and Adam Smith’s theory of knowledge, it analyzes human motives as important drivers of development. It brings in the dynamic nature of human motives and particularly discusses the human will as a requirement of change.     

Functions of innovation systems: A new approach for analysing technological change

The central idea of this paper is that innovation systems are a very important determinant of technological change. We describe that the emergence of a new innovation system and changes in existing innovation systems co-evolve with the process of technological change. Therefore, it is necessary to create more insight in the dynamics of innovation systems. Traditional methods of innovation system analysis that mainly focus on the structure of innovation systems have proven to be insufficient. Therefore, we propose a framework that focuses on a number of processes that are highly important for well performing innovation systems. These processes are labeled as ‘functions of innovation systems’. After explaining this framework and embedding it in existing literature, we propose a method for systematically mapping those processes taking place in innovation systems and resulting in technological change. This method can be characterized as a process analysis or history event analysis. Clarifying examples are taken from the empirical field of Sustainable Technology Development.     

Knowledge and economic behaviour. A constructivist approach

The knowledge of human knowledge claims a place of its own in economics. Beyond the walls of our discipline, spectacular progress is taking place in the field of empirical research into human knowledge -the so-called “cognitive sciences”. In the light of such advances, the old and new classicals' axiom that nothing scientific can be said beyond the axioms of substantive rationality now looks very much like the protective belt of a degenerating programme. On the other hand, criticisms and alternative programmes will hardly be effective so long as their arguments are purely negative or are drawn from armchair introspection. In the present study I wish to outline a pattern of human knowledge emerging from cognitive research that may be called “constructivist”, and to point out the restrictions it sets on economic analysis. It is also my argument that such a pattern is consistent with the present non- or post-Walrasian trends in economic theory, and that it may provide them with firmer cognitive foundations.     

跨界搜寻如何促进企业管理创新——认知柔性与吸收能力的作用

跨界搜寻作为企业突破思维定式、激励创新的关键力量,得到学界越来越多的关注。同时,认知柔性作为推动企业成长的重要因素,在跨界搜寻促进管理创新过程中起承上启下的作用。因此,基于开放式创新理论,从跨界搜寻视角出发,对认知柔性与管理创新影响机理进行探讨,并收集287份样本数据进行实证研究。结果显示：科技驱动型与市场驱动型跨界搜寻对探索式和利用式管理创新均具有正向影响;认知柔性在跨界搜寻与管理创新间具有中介效应;吸收能力正向调节跨界搜寻与认知柔性的关系。     

世代效应:民营企业家群体的阶层地位变迁研究

阶层地位感知是影响民营企业家经营决策的重要因素,然而当前仍缺乏对其阶层地位感知形成机制的解释。从市场化转型历史背景出发,本文认为民营企业家阶层地位感知受其创业时特定历史情境的影响,并会通过世代效应长期共享、强化这一认知模式。基于五次中国私营企业抽样调查数据,具体考察1992年前后两个不同时期创业的民营企业家群体地位感知差异来检验世代效应。结果表明:与市场经济体制确立之前(1992年前)创业的民营企业家群体相比,市场经济体制确立之后(1992年后)创业的民营企业家群体地位感知相对较高。同时,进一步异质性检验发现,对于无体制内经历和经济力量较强的民营企业家群体,市场化转型对其阶层地位感知的提升作用更强。通过聚焦于中国市场化转型的历史变迁进程,本文为深化民营企业家阶层地位感知的认识提供了宏观历史视角解释。     

A Guide to Paradigmatic Self-Marginalization: Lessons for Post-Keynesian Economists

While many heterodox economists hope that the recent financial crisis will lead to paradigmatic change in economics, we argue that path-dependent processes and institutional factors within the economic community hinder such a change. Focusing on the citation behavior of economists in heterodox journals in general and in Post-Keynesian journals in particular, we discuss structural reasons—connected to positive feedback mechanisms within the institutional framework of the economics discipline—for the marginalization of heterodox economic thought.     

Cultural Political Economy: Logics of Discovery,Epistemic Fallacies,the Complexity of Emergence,and the Potential of the Cultural Turn

As a result of a long-running internal debate there have been notable incremental changes to how the International Monetary Fund (IMF) treats capital controls, particularly those directed at inflows. These changes combine new acceptance of these policy instruments with an older emphasis on their negative consequences and on the desirability of free movement of capital. Policy change of this sort is puzzling from the standpoint of the existing literature on international organisations (IOs), which has thus far paid little attention to transformative incremental change associated with long-term contestation. This article departs from this tendency by drawing on insights from principal–agent theory, constructivism and historical institutionalism to identify the conditions under which such change may originate. I argue that actors within IOs are likely to pursue incremental change by layering new policies on to old ones as a way to build coalitions and to respond to external organisational insecurity imperatives and diverse member state preferences and to internal path-dependent organisational cultural features. Over time the incremental shifts brought by layering can induce transformative rather than reproductive change because they fit with consequentialist and appropriateness behavioural logics. I illustrate this argument by investigating recent changes in IMF policy on capital controls.     

The Dynamics Of Localized Technological Changes. The Interaction Between Factor Costs Inducement,Demand Pull And Schumpeterian Rivalry 1

Localized technological change is the endogenous outcome of the interplay between substitution costs. Switching costs and learning processes. New technologies are introduced when market pressures induce firms to change the levels of their inputs and their techniques. The dynamics ol localized technological change is the result us the interaction between three processes: it) the Schumpcterian competition process as analyzed by the replicator dynamics and failure inducement mechanisms. b) factor substitution stemming from changes in factors markets. and c) post-Keynesian demand pull pressures resulting from productivity growth. In such conditions out-of-equilibrium exchanges and localized technological changes drive a recursive process that is path-dependent in two senses, first it is highly sensitive to the initial conditions of the system. and second it is shaped by the interactions of agents.     

“知识网红经济”视域下全民价值共创研究

当今中国,“知识网红经济”发展围绕“价值空间”建构展开,表现出对“知识”的重新定义,包括在“泛中心化”知识分布格局中,价值性知识涵纳事实性知识,并有认知性知识让位于实践性知识的趋势。在步入共享文化时代的今天,调动个人和社会双重同步知识协作创新模式、实现全民价值共创势在必行。由此,提出对“有机知识进化论”的初探与展望。     

基于服务能力和关系资本的服务商选择研究——决策者个体视角

根据认知行为理论,从我国服务商选择的实际情况出发,构建了服务商选择影响机制概念模型,并利用问卷调查数据对概念模型和研究假设进行实证检验。结果显示,客户在选择服务商时通过对服务商提供服务感知来形成自己的选择意图,这种感知包括承诺感知和移情感知,客户感知承诺越强,其对服务商的选择意图越强;客户感知移情越强,其对服务商的选择意图越强;服务商的服务能力和关系资本明显地影响着客户对服务的感知。     

It’s a match! Simulating compatibility-based learning in a network of networks

In this article, we develop a new way to capture knowledge diffusion and assimilation in innovation networks by means of an agent-based simulation model. The model incorporates three essential characteristics of knowledge that have not been covered entirely by previous diffusion models: the network character of knowledge, compatibility of new knowledge with already existing knowledge, and the fact that transmission of knowledge requires some form of attention. We employ a network-of- networks approach, where agents are located within an innovation network and each agent itself contains another network composed of knowledge units (KUs). Since social learning is a path-dependent process, in our model, KUs are exchanged among agents and integrated into their respective knowledge networks depending on the received KUs’ compatibility with the currently focused ones. Thereby, we are also able to endogenize attributes such as absorptive capacity that have been treated as an exogenous parameter in some of the previous diffusion models. We use our model to simulate and analyze various scenarios, including cases for different degrees of knowledge diversity and cognitive distance among agents as well as knowledge exploitation vs. exploration strategies. Here, the model is able to distinguish between two levels of knowledge diversity: heterogeneity within and between agents. Additionally, our simulation results give fresh impetus to debates about the interplay of innovation network structure and knowledge diffusion. In summary, our article proposes a novel way of modeling knowledge diffusion, thereby contributing to an advancement of the economics of innovation and knowledge.     

反腐败、市场建设与经济增长

在市场不完善的情况下，有一部分腐败活动虽然有损于社会公平和正义，而且造成了社会资源的损耗，但对经济资源的配置也有着一定的作用。本文通过一个经济增长模型讨论了代表社会利益的政府如何规划反腐败路径，并保证经济的增长。分析结果表明。政府是可能在反腐败的同时实现经济增长的。一旦政府开始加大反腐败力度，则社会的腐败程度将持续下降。随着市场的完善，经济资源可以更好地借助于市场机制进行配置，这时社会可以加大打击腐败的力度。如果腐败的路径依赖性更强，政府也将加强对腐败的打击。     

Accumulation of knowledge and increasing returns in neoclassical models

In the mid 1980s there was a remarkable revival of interest in growth theory. A relevant strand of new literature is characterized by the departure from the assumption of diminishing returns of capital or, more generally, of the accumulated factor. In this paper we will see how the neoclassical theorists incorporated the idea of increasing returns in the formal models of economic growth, already an important question in the sixties. The central point is that the recent recognition of the importance of this notion is not new but now depends on the vision of economic growth as driven by knowledge accumulation and no longer by capital accumulation as in the Solovian tradition. I would like to thank the referee for valuable comments and suggestions.     

Revisiting the inflation perception conundrum

Households' inflation perceptions and expectations play a key role in many dynamic macroeconomic and monetary models and are important for the ability of central banks to reach their objective of price stability. This paper revisits the issue of overestimation bias in inflation perceptions and expectations based on new and unique microdata from the Danish part of the EU-Harmonised Consumer Expectations Survey linked to rich household-level data from administrative registers. The analysis shows that accounting for even several of the household characteristics and social gradients usually addressed in the literature is far from sufficient to explain the inflation perception bias. Furthermore, we find that respondents participating in the survey more than once tend to be persistent in their degree of perception bias and that overpessimistic households have larger perception bias than other households. This indicates that inflation perception bias is related to fundamental personality traits. Finally, households' expectations of the future inflation level tend to be mean reverting and associated with the same types of bias as inflation perceptions.     

创业者如何实现认知变革？

在高不确定性、高时间压力创业情境中,创业者将更多采用启发式信息加工方式降低认知努力,但这种倾向可能会加剧认知惰性,使创业者难以准确感知环境变化。因此,采用社会认知和情报学理论,考察创业者在环境扫描过程中信息加工和知识图式演化的微观过程。识别环境扫描、信息加工、信息来源选择标准和启发式4个主要构念,建立整合-更新、筛选-过滤、吸收-扩增3类知识图式演化过程模型。提出筛选-过滤过程不仅排斥新知识吸收,还会强化既有启发式提取路径,从而降低未来发生认知变革的可能性。结果发现,创业者更易感知信息可获取性,且感知信息来源质量对创业者的影响比感知信息质量更大。最终,形成整合模型并提出理论和实践启示。     

差序氛围感知如何影响员工知识破坏行为：一个被调节的双中介模型

中国组织情境中的差序氛围会对员工知识行为形成潜移默化的影响。基于社会信息加工理论和归因理论，采用Boostrap、结构方程模型等方法对两个时点的699份问卷进行实证分析，探讨在中国文化情境下员工差序氛围感知与知识破坏之间的相关性以及存在的被调节的双重中介作用。研究结果表明，差序氛围感知与知识破坏负相关；内部人身份认知、职场妒忌分别在差序氛围感知与知识破坏之间发挥中介作用，并且恶意归因会增强差序氛围感知对内部人身份认知的负面影响与职场妒忌的正面影响，同时，增强差序氛围感知通过内部人身份认知、职场妒忌的中介作用进而对知识破坏的影响。上述发现有利于了解氛围感知影响员工知识破坏行为的内在机理，启示管理者采取针对性行为与措施，促进组织内部知识资源流动。     

真心换真新：真实型领导风格对新员工创新行为的激发机制研究

随着“90后”成为新员工的主体,不同领导风格对其创新行为的激励作用越来越受到关注。基于认知—情感视角,探究真实型领导风格对新员工创新行为的影响机理,并识别师徒关系的调节作用。结果表明,真实型领导风格对新员工创新行为具有显著正向影响;组织公平感和工作投入具有中介作用,且组织公平感的中介作用更强;良好的师徒关系正向调节真实型领导风格和组织公平感、工作投入对新员工创新行为的影响,且关系越强,中介效应越显著。     

信息型团队断裂与团队创造力的双通道模型——不同情绪调节策略的作用机理

基于分类加工模型和情绪调节过程模型，探讨信息型团队断裂与团队创造力间关系边界条件和作用机制，构建以情绪调节为调节变量，以知识利用和团队活力为中介变量的研究模型。基于106个研发团队566名成员样本数据对提出的假设进行实证检验，结果表明：在团队成员高认知重评策略下，信息型断裂将促进团队创造力提升，知识利用和团队活力在这一关系中起间接作用；在团队成员高表达抑制策略下，信息型断裂将抑制团队创造力提升，知识利用在这一关系中起间接作用。     

员工-顾客认同、互动式替代学习与服务创新的机制研究

知识与技术的快速迭代,使得服务业企业进行服务创新的挑战更加艰巨,员工对知识与技术类操作性资源的应用能力起到关键作用。基于社会网络理论与知识基础观理论构建研究知识密集型服务业企业服务创新的微观路径,对322个服务业企业问卷调查进行实证分析。研究结果表明员工-顾客认同对员工服务创新有正向影响,并可以通过员工的互动式替代学习影响服务创新;知识治理对员工-顾客认同与互动式替代学习的关系具有显著的调节效应。