中国经济增长与收入差距关系的经验研究

经济增长与收入差距的关系是一个古老而又充满活力的问题。研究发现,尽管全国总量时序数据的Granger因果关系检验表明,中国的经济增长与收入差距不存在任何方向的因果关系,但以各省GDP增长率和城乡收入比为观测点的面板数据检验结果显示:不论是在短期还是在长期,收入差距的扩大都是引起经济增长的Granger原因;经济增长在短期会引起收入差距的扩大,但从长期看,有助于收入差距的缩小。     

因患寡,而患不均——中国的收入差距、投资、教育和增长的相互影响

本文结合联立方程模型和分布滞后模型,研究了收入差距、投资、教育和经济增长的相互影响。研究发现:(1)收入差距在即期对投资有非常强的负面影响,之后影响变为正,再逐渐下降至微弱的负,从长期来看,收入差距对投资的累积影响始终为负;(2)收入差距对教育的影响较弱,其累积影响始终为正;(3)由于投资对于经济增长的作用超过了教育,因此收入差距对于经济增长的间接影响主要来自于投资的渠道。从累积效应来看,收入差距对于经济增长始终呈现出负的影响。同时,我们也发现,经济增长有利于降低收入差距。因此,控制收入差距有利于经济增长,并反过来有利于缩小收入差距,从而可能实现平等与增长相协调的目标。     

我国收入差距与经济增长的面板协整与因果关系研究

笔者运用最近发展起来的面板协整技术,分析了我国收入差距与经济增长的关系。研究结果表明,全国以及东中西部的收入差距与经济增长之间存在长期的稳定关系;尽管对于全国和东部地区,收入差距和经济增长的因果关系并不明显,但对于中部和西部,收入差距和经济增长之间存在长期和短期的因果关系。     

武汉市城乡收入差距与经济增长关系的研究

城乡收入差距问题是我国二元经济所必须面对的问题,经济的发展与收入差距的扩大存在一定的关系.本文以武汉市经济增长(人均GDP增长)和城乡收入差距的数据,通过设定一元线性回归方程,序列相关性的修正,模拟估计经济增长与收入差距扩大的线性关系,发现经济增长速度每增加1％,城乡收入差距扩大速度增长0.935％,存在正向稳定的关系.对城乡收入差距的调整以及对于“刘易斯拐点”的应对,需要政府作出努力以及加强新农村劳动力的建设和发展.     

保险业对“经济增长—城乡收入差距”非线性动力系统的影响

本文运用2004—2013年季度数据建立经济增长与城乡收入差距的非线性动力系统模型,引入保险业发展与产寿险结构作为控制变量,较为全面、系统地研究和比较了该经济系统的不同控制方案。研究发现,我国经济增长与城乡收入差距存在长期均衡的非线性关系;寿险业发展会抑制经济增长,并扩大城乡收入差距,财险业发展可以促进经济增长,同时缩小城乡收入差距;如果扩大财险业相对于寿险业的规模,会缩小城乡收入差距,促进经济增长;引入稳定度的最优控制可以有效缩短控制时间,但也会产生较高控制力度与社会福利损失。通过比较不同控制措施和控制方案,本文建议通过控制产寿险结构可以在较短时间内以较低控制成本实现经济增长与城乡收入差距的控制目标。     

收入差距、投资与经济增长的面板协整研究

运用最近发展起来的面板协整技术,本文分析了中国的收入差距、投资与经济增长之间的关系。1978-2004年省际面板数据的研究结果表明,中国的城乡收入比、固定资产投资、人均实际GDP是包含单位根的非平稳变量,它们之间存在稳定的协整关系。从长期看,收入差距的拉大对经济增长有害,但投资并非是收入差距作用于经济增长的桥梁。因此,要保持经济的持续增长,必须着力解决日益恶化的收入差距问题。     

中国物价波动与经济增长关系研究——基于城乡居民消费差距视角的分析

物价波动与经济增长之间的关系是经济学传统的研究课题。本文在测量城乡居民消费差距的基础上,利用TARCH模型研究了物价波动对城乡居民消费差距的非对称影响,并从城乡居民消费差距的视角分析了物价波动对经济增长的影响。研究结果表明:物价波动使得城乡居民消费差距的变化越来越小;物价波动与城乡居民消费差距之间呈负相关关系,当物价变动1%时,城乡居民消费差距反向变动0.579%;物价波动对经济增长有着负的直接影响;物价波动通过影响城乡居民消费差距进而对经济增长产生负的间接影响。     

经济增长与收入分配相关性研究重点转移带来的政策启示

从有关经济增长与收入分配相关性的研究内容入手,分析经济增长和收入分配研究从功能性分配向规模化分配的理论转变过程,提出了针对此种演变带给我们的政策启示:在经济增长过程中,应同时关注收入差距问题。     

中国城乡居民收入差距研究

合理的收入分配制度是社会公平的重要体现,是推动科学发展、促进社会和谐的重要保障。改革开放以来,我国经济迅速增长,收入分配制度改革和调整也取得积极成效,但是城乡居民收入差距也在不断变化,并且呈现出波动扩大趋势。如何有效解决我国城乡居民的收入差距问题,实际上己成为加快我国改革开放的步伐,保持经济建设所必需的繁荣稳定的局面时所必须面对的迫切问题。     

上海城乡居民收入差异与协调增长研究

城乡居民收入差距是我国建设和谐社会亟待解决的重大问题。大量文献研究得出,随着中国经济的持续增长,中国的城乡收入差距呈现不断拉大趋势。从机制安排的角度对于这一问题的分析和研究可以为解决中国城乡收入差距提供新的思维。本文用Theil指数测评1990年以来上海城乡居民收入差异扩展和收敛趋势,对影响上海城乡居民收入差异的人均GDP、抚养系数、城市化水平、非农就业率等11个变量指标,应用因子分析法得出影响城乡居民收入差异的政府调控、市场一体化、教育三大公因子指标,从机制安排角度揭示出城乡居民收入差异与协调增长机制,得出城乡居民收入协调增长就是在城乡要素价格差异和人均收入及福利差异最小化约束下求解出使城乡居民收入增长速度最大化的目标函数。     

Growth, income distribution, and fiscal policy volatility

The relationship between income distribution and economic growth has long been an important economic research subject. Despite substantial evidence on the negative impact on long-term growth of inequality in the literature, however, there is not much consensus on the specific channels through which inequality affects growth. The empirical validity of two most prominent political economy channels - redistributive fiscal spending and taxes, and sociopolitical instability - has recently been challenged. We advance a new political economy channel for the negative link between inequality and growth, a fiscal policy volatility channel, and present strong supporting econometric evidence in a large sample of countries over the period of 1960-2000. Our finding also sheds light on another commonly observed negative relation between macroeconomic volatility and growth. We carefully address the robustness of the results in terms of data, estimation methods, outlier problem, and endogeneity problem that often plague the standard OLS (ordinary least squares) regression.     

The effect of growth volatility on income inequality

This paper assesses the long-run effect of growth volatility on income inequality using a comprehensive panel of annual U.S. state-level data during the 1945 to 2004 period. Using the pooled mean group (PMG) estimator, we find evidence supporting the hypothesis that larger growth volatility positively and significantly associates with higher income inequality. Our key finding is robust to alternative lag structures, conditioning variables, inequality measures, volatility indicators, time periods, and panel estimators. Our key finding does change for asymmetric effects, where larger growth volatility positively and significantly associates with higher income inequality only for positive economic growth. The volatility effect proves positive, but insignificant, for negative economic growth.     

The evolution of wage inequality in Italy

This article analyses the evolution of inequality in yearly and daily wages between and within groups of blue and white collar, using the INPS-ISFOL database for the period 1985 to 1999 in Italy. Between-group inequality increased in the 1990s as clerical wages grew slowly, whereas blue collars' wages remained nearly constant. Within-group inequality increased only if measured by daily wages. The covariance structure analysis shows that inequality comes from persistent differentials among older workers and from high income volatility for younger cohorts. Within inequalities in office and manual workers are driven by the growth of permanency for the older cohorts (individual abilities, say experience, matter more) and by the growth of income volatility for the younger cohorts (luck in the labour market). Within each group, low paid workers during their career acquire earning gains for their abilities and reduce differentials with respect to high paid workers.     

Income Inequality and Economic Growth: Evidence from American Data

While most cross-country studies find a negative relationship between income inequality and economic growth, studies that use panel data suggest the presence of a positive relationship between inequality and growth. This paper uses a cross-state panel for the United States to assess the relationship between inequality and growth. Using both standard fixed effects and GMM estimations, this paper does not find evidence of a positive relationship between inequality and growth but finds some evidence in support of a negative relationship between inequality and growth. The paper, however, shows that the relationship between inequality and growth is not robust and that small differences in the method used to measure inequality can result in large differences in the estimated relationship between inequality and growth.     

Income Inequality and Macroeconomic Volatility: An Empirical Investigation

We explore the impact of macroeconomic volatility on the distribution of income. Using a cross‐section of developed and developing countries, we find that greater output volatility, defined as the standard deviation of the rate of output growth, is associated with a higher Gini coefficient and income share of the top quintile. The coefficients suggest that a strong effect on inequality resulting from a reduction in volatility: the Gini coefficient of a country like Chile would fall by 6 points if it were to reduce its volatility to the same level as Sweden or Norway. Our results seem not to be driven by the high‐inequality/high‐volatility Latin American countries.     

Corruption,growth, and growth volatility

While the existing studies focus on the corruption–growth relationship, this paper introduces a new focus involving corruption and growth volatility. The Ehrlich–Lui (1999) framework provides the theoretical background of the paper, which produces testable hypotheses regarding the corruption–growth and the corruption–growth volatility relationship. The cross-section dataset that is used in the empirical analysis contains 121 developed and developing countries. In terms of the relationship between the governance-related variables and growth rates, only corruption control and government effectiveness significantly and adversely affect the average growth rate. Regarding the relationship between growth volatility and governance-related variables, the results suggest that higher corruption control, expropriation risk control, government effectiveness, and government consumption decrease growth volatility.     

短期经济波动如何影响长期增长趋势?

短期经济波动如何影响长期经济平均增长趋势已成为一个新的研究热点。本文研究我国省际数据发现,波动性对长期增长趋势有显著影响:1978年前,波动性与平均增长呈负相关的特征在多数省份出现;1978年后,两者关系主要表现为正相关。本文通过建立内生随机增长模型,研究波动与增长之间的内在关联,提出了实际波动与增长关系的一种合理解释。模型的基本思想是:人力资本形成过程分为自然形成和主观形成,教育投入等决定主观形成过程的因素的多少是决定波动性如何影响长期经济增长方向的关键。当教育投入较高,以致主观过程占优时,波动性对长期增长趋势有正效应;反之,当自然过程占优时,波动性对平均增长有负效应。模型结论与建国后的发展历史相印证:1978年前,生产水平低,教育投入少,人力资本形成中干中学比例占优,因而波动性同增长呈负相关;1978年恢复高考后,教育正常化,生产发展,教育投入增加,因而波动性与增长逐渐呈现正相关。     

Does industrial concentration impact on the relationship between policies and volatility?

It is usually recommended that countries diversify their economies to guard against any negative shocks that might impact on one industry. However, previous research has not identified how concentration can impact on the effectiveness of macroeconomic policies. This paper attempts to evaluate the relationship between industrial concentration, policies and economic volatility for a sample of 147 countries for the period 1970 to 2005. The study reports that less concentrated countries tend to have lower rates of output, consumption and investment growth volatility. In addition, while trade and capital account openness variables alone tend to diminish economic volatility, in concentrated economies opening both the capital and trade account can increase economic volatility.     

收入不平等对中国经济增长的影响

使用21个省市的面板数据,对收入分配总体不平等进行分解,实证检验农村不平等、城市不平等以及城乡间不平等对经济增长的影响。研究发现:农村不平等程度越高,对经济增长的抑制作用越大;城市不平等对经济增长没有显著的影响;城乡间不平等与经济增长之间存在负相关关系。农村不平等、城乡间不平等与城市不平等相比,前两者在解释人均产出增长时发挥了更重要的作用。