中国经济增长与收入差距关系的经验研究

经济增长与收入差距的关系是一个古老而又充满活力的问题。研究发现,尽管全国总量时序数据的Granger因果关系检验表明,中国的经济增长与收入差距不存在任何方向的因果关系,但以各省GDP增长率和城乡收入比为观测点的面板数据检验结果显示:不论是在短期还是在长期,收入差距的扩大都是引起经济增长的Granger原因;经济增长在短期会引起收入差距的扩大,但从长期看,有助于收入差距的缩小。     

我国收入分配与经济增长的动态关系判断

研究表明,收入分配与经济增长之间存在长期均衡的协整关系。随着经济的增长,收入分配差距经历了扩大—缓和—下降的倒U型关系,但是否存在因果关系还需结合我国经济发展的实际作进一步分析。同时,居民消费与经济增长之间存在互为因果的双向关系,而居民消费水平受到居民收入水平、收入分配差距、社会保障等因素的影响。为保持我国经济的持续健康发展,调节收入分配,缩减居民之间、地区之间收入差距是政策的着力点所在。     

金融发展与城乡收入分配的“库兹涅茨效应”研究

中国当前的金融发展规模显著拉大城乡收入差距.加强农业贷款对农民收入增长具有显著作用,会缩小城乡收入差距.金融发展效率的提高有助于城乡收入差距的缩小,在金融发展和收入差距之间存在库兹涅茨效应.金融发展水平与城乡收入分配之间存在长期的均衡关系.金融发展规模、农村信贷与城乡收入分配之间存在单向因果关系,金融发展效率与城乡收入分配之问存在双向因果关系.     

内蒙古城镇居民收入与经济增长关系的实证分析

本文运用1990～2011年内蒙古城镇居民收入与地区生产总值数据,利用协整理论和误差修正模型,探讨城镇居民收入与经济增长之间的关系.结果表明内蒙古城镇居民收入与经济增长之间既存在长期的均衡关系,也存在短期的动态关系.从长期来看,城镇居民收入与经济增长互为因果关系.     

金融发展与城乡收入分配的库兹涅茨效应研究——基于中国省级面板数据的检验

金融发展可度量为金融-规模、金融-活动和金融*效率三个主要指标.利用OLS和GMM回归、面板单位根、协整和因果关系检验对中国金融发展水平与城乡收入分配之间的关系进行检验后得知: (1)金融发展和城乡收入差距之间存在着库兹涅茨效应,即所谓的倒U关系. (2)中国金融发展规模显著拉大了城乡收入差距,但加强农业贷款对农民收入增长取得了显著作用,会缩小城乡收入差距;金融发展效率的提高有助于城乡收入差距的缩小. (3)金融发展水平与城乡收入分配之间存在长期的均衡关系;金融发展规模、农村信贷与城乡收入分配之间存在单向因果关系,金融发展效率与城乡收入分配之间存在双向因果关系.     

城乡居民收入差距与经济增长关系研究——中国历史数据之实证分析

文章运用格兰杰因果检验考查经济增长与城乡居民收入差距的因果关系,结果表明,经济增长是城乡居民收入差距的成因,但反向的因果关系并不存在.同时运用VAR模型明确了二者之间的数量关系,并针对性地提出了建议.     

对中国经济增长的反思

在对农村居民和城镇居民收入和经济增长关系研究中发现,中国的农村居民纯收入增长率与经济增长率之间没有关系,城镇居民可支配收入增长率和经济增长率之间有因果关系,城镇居民可支配收入增长率长期以来一直高于农村居民纯收入增长率。自2001年以来农村居民纯收入增长率稳步提高,与城镇居民可支配收入增长率之间的相对差距逐渐缩小。因此,虽然中国政府在增加农村居民收入方面取得了巨大的成绩,协调城乡收入差距,协调农村居民收入与经济增长之间的关系仍然是宏观调控的重要内容。     

金融发展与城乡收入差距关系的经验分析

现代金融发展理论的主流观点是金融发展对经济增长意义重大.按照这种理论逻辑,中国金融非均衡发展应该会产生显著的经济后果.文章基于VAR模型及其协整分析,利用Granger因果检验法,对中国1978～2002年间金融发展与城乡收入差距的关系作出实证研究.实证结果表明,金融发展与城乡收入差距关系存在着一种长期均衡关系;金融发展规模与城乡收入差距正相关且两者具有双向的Granger因果关系;金融发展效率与城乡收入差距负相关且两者也具有双向的Granger因果关系.文章的政策含义是,从解决金融发展非均衡问题上着手来缩小城乡收入差距是有现实意义的.     

市场化程度、经济增长与行业间收入差距

文章采用2000—2011年省际面板数据,对市场化程度、经济增长与行业间收入差距间关系进行了平稳性和协整检验,发现这三者之间存在长期稳定关系。为了探究短期经济波动对长期均衡的影响,文内对面板模型进行了误差修正。实证结果显示,市场化程度对行业间收入差距有显著扩大作用,经济增长对行业间收入差距在不同地区有不同影响。市场化与经济增长交互项系数显著,说明在不同市场化程度下,经济增长对行业间收入差距影响不同。     

收入差距、投资与经济增长的面板协整研究

运用最近发展起来的面板协整技术,本文分析了中国的收入差距、投资与经济增长之间的关系。1978-2004年省际面板数据的研究结果表明,中国的城乡收入比、固定资产投资、人均实际GDP是包含单位根的非平稳变量,它们之间存在稳定的协整关系。从长期看,收入差距的拉大对经济增长有害,但投资并非是收入差距作用于经济增长的桥梁。因此,要保持经济的持续增长,必须着力解决日益恶化的收入差距问题。     

Estimating the long-run relationship between income inequality and economic development

There are several theories describing the effect of income inequality on economic growth. These theories usually predict that there exists some optimal, steady-state growth path between inequality and development. This study uses a new measure of income distribution and panel data cointegration methods to test for the existence of such a steady-state equilibrium relation. It is shown that there is a long-run equilibrium relationship between the variables, and that this relationship is negative in developed economies.     

Entrepreneurship and income inequality: a spatial panel data analysis

The main objective of this paper is to empirically analyze the relationship between entrepreneurship and income inequality. We use a spatial panel data analysis for both 33 high-income countries and 39 middle- and low-income countries over a period of 11 years. Estimation results and rigorous diagnostic analysis suggest that: (i) there is a strong support for the existence of an inverted U-shaped relationship between entrepreneurship and income inequality espoused by the Kuznets Curve hypothesis; (ii) the relationship between entrepreneurship and income inequality is negatively moderated by country’s level of economic development; (iii) regardless of income inequality levels, entrepreneurship has a non-linear relationship with income per capita; (iv) gross domestic expenditure on research and development exhibits significant negative impacts on entrepreneurship; (v) significant mixed effects on the likelihood of entrepreneurial activity are observed with governance, globalization, population growth rate, and competitiveness variables; (vi) there are significant mixed feedback effects on entrepreneurship; and (vii) there are statistically significant, positive as well as negative spatial spillovers to country-level entrepreneurial activity.     

我国区域收入差距与经济增长关系的实证研究——基于东、中、西部面板数据的协整分析

坚持区域经济协调发展,逐步缩小地区间发展差距,是提高经济落后地区居民收入水平、缩小同发达地区居民收入差距的一项长期战略。改革开放以来,从整体上说,我国各省区居民的收入和生活水平都得到了很大提高,但是由于各种原因,地区间经济发展的差距不仅存在而且有不断扩大的趋势。对我国东、中、西部地区居民收入差距与经济增长之间的关系进行研究分析,比较了三个地区居民收入差距的现状与变动趋势,分析了影响居民收入差距的主要因素以及这些因素对经济增长的影响,研究了收入差距与经济增长之间所存在的关系。     

Genetic distance,economic growth and top income shares: Evidence from OECD countries

The relationship between economic growth and income inequality remains a puzzle in the literature. The main problem has been finding a way to account for the endogeneity of growth. Using century-long data of 14 OECD countries, this study disentangles the growth–inequality relationship. In doing so, our main contribution is employing genetic and geographical distances as instruments for economic growth. The instruments are constructed on the premise that the growth of one country spills over to the others if they are connected through trade and other forms of exchange; however, the genetic and geographical distances between countries represent barriers to such spillovers. Using alternative specifications and measures, we find that growth reduces the inequality measured by top income shares. As capital share increases in the growth process and capital substitutes labour, inequality-reducing strength of growth declines. Another important finding is that the effect of growth on top income shares is more significant among the highest income groups.     

In search of FDI-led growth in developing countries: The way forward

This paper challenges the widespread belief that FDI generally has a positive impact on economic growth in developing countries. It addresses the limitations of the existing literature and re-examines the FDI-led growth hypothesis for 28 developing countries using cointegration techniques on a country-by-country basis. The paper finds that in the vast majority of countries, there exists neither a long-term nor a short-term effect of FDI on growth; in fact, there is not a single country where a positive unidirectional long-term effect from FDI to GDP is found. Furthermore, our results indicate that there is no clear association between the growth impact of FDI and the level of per capita income, the level of education, the degree of openness and the level of financial market development in developing countries.     

收入分配不平等、有效需求与经济增长——一个基于中国经济转型期的实证研究

本文从有效需求角度入手,探究中国经济转型期经济增长与收入分配不平等之间的关系,并运用中国1978-2005年间28个省市的面板数据,通过面板数据单位根检验、协整检验与误差修正模型,对中国经济增长与收入分配不平等、有效需求、劳动力、投资、教育以及收入分配不平等和有效需求交互影响之间的长期关系和短期关系进行了研究。结果显示,中国经济转型期经济增长与收入分配不平等、有效需求具有长期的均衡关系,收入分配不平等通过有效需求机制阻碍了经济增长,且在短期内效果也非常显著。     

Exploring the link between household debt and income inequality: an asymmetric approach

We investigate the relationship between household debt and income inequality in the USA, allowing for asymmetry, using data over the period 1913–2008. We find evidence of an asymmetric cointegration between household debt and inequality for different regimes. Our results indicate household debt only responds to positive changes in income inequality, while there is no evidence of falling inequality significantly affecting household debt. The presence of this asymmetry provides further empirical insights into the emerging literature on household debt and inequality.     

Income inequality and economic growth

Despite the extensive existing literature on income inequality and economic growth, there remains considerable disagreement on the effect of inequality on economic growth. Existing literatures find either a positive or a negative relationship. In this paper, we attempt to theoretically examine that relationship with a stochastic optimal growth model. We make the disagreement clear within a single model. We conclude (i) that both are possible – that is, higher inequality can retard growth in the early stage of economic development, and can encourage growth in a near steady state, (ii) that income redistribution by high income tax does not always reduce income inequality. Income inequality can be reduced by higher income tax in a near steady state, but it cannot be reduced in the early stage of economic development, and (iii) that two government polices – rapid economic growth and low income inequality – can be achieved by low income tax in the early stage of economic development, but both cannot be achieved simultaneously in a near steady state.     

Population and economic growth: a cointegration analysis of lesser developed countries

The authors examine the temporal relationship between population growth and economic growth in Nepal, India, Ghana, Sri Lanka, Bolivia, Philippines, Guatemala, Syria, Peru, Thailand, Chile, Argentina, and Mexico, conducting Granger-causality tests in the context of error correction models when cointegration is present. Their goal is to provide additional time series econometric evidence on the short-run and long-run time series behavior of population growth and the growth of real per capita gross domestic product for a sample of low to middle income developing countries. Cointegration was found in only 3 of the 13 countries examined. Even though 10 countries in this study exhibited no properties of cointegration, researchers conducting time series studies of the relationship between population growth and economic growth using differenced data should nonetheless evaluate the possible long-term relationship. Capturing the short- and long-run behaviors of the respective time series may give the researcher a more robust test of Granger-causality.     

Mexico's Economic Growth and the Balance of Payments Constraint: A cointegration analysis

This paper applies the basic balance-of-payments constraint model (BPCmodel), developed by A.P. Thirlwall, to the analysis of Mexico's economic growth in 1950-96.With the use of unit-root tests and cointegration analysis it estimates the long-run association between the growth of Mexico's real exports and real output in 1950-96, and selected subperiods. The results tend to show significant and positive cointegration between these two variables, thus giving support to the BPC-model as a relevant hypothesis to explain Mexico's long-term economic growth. Moreover, the findings of cointegration tests for selected subperiods suggest that the slowdown in its economic growth since 1982 is associated with an increase in the long-term income elasticity of imports that made more binding the balance-of-payments constraint on the expansion of domestic output.