遏止耕地抛荒 加快新农村建设

新农村建设是我国国民经济和社会发展的战略目标。随着我国经济的发展尤其是城市化进程的推进,大量农业劳动力涌进城市,农村耕地出现抛荒现象。耕地抛荒是建设新农村面临的重大任务。笔者分析了耕地抛荒的原因,提出了解决问题的建议。     

遏制耕地抛荒 构建资源节约型社会

构建资源节约型社会是我国国民经济和社会发展的战略目标。随着我国经济的发展尤其是城市化进程的推进,大量农业劳动力涌进城市,农村耕地出现抛荒现象。耕地抛荒是建设资源节约型社会面临的重大任务。文中分析了耕地抛荒的原因,并提出解决问题的一些建议。     

遏制耕地抛荒 构建资源节约型社会

构建资源节约型社会是我国国民经济和社会发展的战略目标。随着我国经济的发展尤其是城市化进程的推进,大量农业劳动力涌进城市,农村耕地出现抛荒现象。耕地抛荒是建设资源节约型社会面临的重大任务。文中分析了耕地抛荒的原因,并提出解决问题的一些建议。     

耕地抛荒的评价指标及应用研究初探

当前对耕地抛荒的研究中，尚存在概念不清、缺乏评价指标和定量化研究的问题，阻碍了研究的深入。通过分析认为，耕地抛荒指由于生产经营者主观原因放弃而造成的耕地处于闲置或未充分利用的状态；耕地抛荒可用抛荒度、抛荒面积和抛荒损益等指标进行评价；这些评价指标在抛荒统计、制定处罚标准等方面都有重要的应用价值，从而将耕地抛荒研究推向深入。     

关注耕地抛荒 引导耕地流转

荥土地抛荒触目惊心茳传统的中国农民是靠土地生存的,土地不仅是农民的基本生活手段,更是农民财富和社会身份的象征。我国人均耕地占有量小,人多地少是制约农业经济发展的瓶颈。但目前农村耕地抛荒现象严重。安徽省六安市土地情况调查报告显示:该市现有土地666.4万亩,去年非季节性的抛荒26.7万亩,抛荒率达4%之多;而前不久的调查发现在舒城县柏林、百神庙、桃溪乡镇地区抛荒面积分别为537亩、478亩、402亩,抛荒率分别达8.58%、11.24%和10.31%。据了解,当地大量农村人口外出打工,抛荒面积狂增。该省的池州市土地抛荒面积3.14万亩,占耕地总面积…     

关于耕地转包、抛荒问题研究──对长寿县5731个农户的调查与思考

关于耕地转包、抛荒问题研究──对长寿县５７３１个农户的调查与思考龚成才允许耕地使用权的依法有偿转让是中央作出的与再延长耕地承包期３０年不变相配套的一项重要政策措施；而日益严重的耕地抛荒问题则是当前农村各地议论较多的一个热门话题。弄清这两大问题的现实状...     

怎样认识和解决农民抛荒问题?

中央[1984]1号文件在安徽巢湖地区传达贯彻后,全区农村发展商品生产的势头很猛,到处是一派兴旺景象。但与此同时,在各地也碰到农户要求退田转包的问题。1984年巢湖地区出现的抛荒田就约有5万亩,占全区耕地面积的1.2%。有的农户转包不掉,就宁愿承受负担,任耕地抛荒。如何认识和解决农民抛荒问题,已引起各有关方面的关注。我们认为,当前农村出现的耕地抛荒问题,并不是一件坏事,而是一次调整农村产业结构的很好机会。对此,必须深入调查,认真研究,积极引导。     

耕地抛荒危机与农民适应困境的两难选择

我国是农业大国,土地是农民赖以生存和发展的基础。但随着农业比较收入减少和外出务工人员的增加,出现了大量农民抛荒土地的行为。抛荒后的农民一部分选择进入城市,一部分继续留在农村,各自都面临角色和生活方式的转变。针对耕地抛荒和农民适应的关联性分析,探寻现代化进程中我国农民的发展方向。     

试论农民家庭经营组织的稳定与创新

一、为什么要稳定与创新农民家庭经营组织近几年,随着农村改革的深入和农村经济的发展,耕地延包３０年后,农村资源配置出现了一些不可忽视的问题,即一方面农业现有耕地在逐年减少,另一方面,耕地抛荒却在增多。概括为“四多四少”。一是在经济较发达地方,农民不愿种田,不愿多种田,不愿把田种好的多了,像联产承包时那样爱田、惜田、争田种的少了;二是边远山区承包耕地抛荒、半抛荒的现象多了,精耕细作,集约经营的少了;三是贫穷落后且耕地较多的地方,只种不管、简种薄收、掠夺式经营的多了,种田讲科学、靠技术提高经济效益的少…     

城郊耕地抛荒的成因及对策——后坂村耕地使用的调查与思考

后坂村耕地使用状况调查分析表明,耕地资产属性显化、生产功能人为弱化是城郊农村弃耕抛荒日趋严重的根本原因。建立和完善农村土地流转机制,严格土地管理,把耕地使用权流转纳入法制化轨道,是遏制弃耕抛荒的根本途径。     

不同代际视角下农户耕地撂荒行为研究——基于江西省兴国县293份农户问卷调查

研究目的：基于江西省兴国县农户调研数据,分析农户代际差异对山区农村耕地撂荒的影响。研究方法：Logit和Tobit模型。研究结果：（1）调查地区有46.1%的农户撂荒耕地,且代际差异每提升一级,耕地撂荒意愿会增加9%;（2）耕地经营规模、耕地块数和土地流转是决定新生代农户耕地是否撂荒及撂荒规模的关键因素,而受教育程度、非农收入占比、土地流转、村内撂荒程度和耕地分散程度对中生代农户耕地撂荒意愿作用最大;（3）老一代农户耕地撂荒规模所受影响因素最多,且性别和土地流转对老一代农户耕地撂荒规模的减缓作用最大。研究结论：在推动耕地要素自由流动和农田基础设施建设的同时,应当考虑不同代际农户所处的生命周期阶段及其自身禀赋差距对耕地撂荒的影响。     

台湾农地保护政策的演变及对大陆的启示

台湾50多年来的农业发展过程中进行过三次农地改革,每一次农地制度改革对台湾的农业、工业乃至整个社会都产生了十分重要的作用,形成了独特的"台湾模式"。台湾农地改革对大陆的启示是:土他改革是农业生产的推动力,不同的农业发展阶段需采取不同的农地保护政策,农地政策对农地数量的变化具有重要影响,土地改革需有详尽的法律规定作基础。大陆的农地保护应从数量、质量、生态三方面进行,建立产权明晰的土地政策,制定并颁布基本农田保护法规,避免农地非农化的随意性,优化土地利用结构提高农地利用效益。     

Study on the abandonment of sloping farmland in Fengjie County,Three Gorges Reservoir Area,a mountainous area in China

The farmland abandonment phenomenon in mountainous areas is a recent change in relationships between man and land that emerged in China's land-use transition. Revealing spatial distribution characteristics and influence factors of sloping farmland (SF) and abandoned farmland (AF) in mountainous areas is conducive to rational allocation and optimization on local land resources. This paper investigated regional distribution features of SF and AF in the hinterland of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA) using high-resolution remote sensing images, ArcGIS spatial analysis, and statistical methods. The results found that the spatial distribution of SF and AF has an approximate characteristic under different topography, location, or accessibility backgrounds. However, within different spatial coupling relationships between SF and AF, influencing mechanisms of farmland abandonment are significantly different. The diversity of geographical locations reflecting natural and social contexts is an essential reason for this differentiation. Moreover, dominant influencing factors of farmland abandonment in the study area are natural factors such as slope and farmland quality. Socioeconomic factors, including distance to road, peasant income, and labor force proportion, guide the distribution and trend of farmland abandonment to varying degrees. Finally, four modes of farmland abandonment in TGRA have proposed and suggested that the corresponding plans for SF consolidation should be proposed based on fine classification, which is of great significance for farmland utilization and rural revitalization in underdeveloped mountainous areas.     

Patterns and drivers of post-socialist farmland abandonment in Western Ukraine

Farmland abandonment restructures rural landscapes in many regions worldwide in response to gradual industrialization and urbanization. In contrast, the political breakdown in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union triggered rapid and widespread farmland abandonment, but the spatial patterns of abandonment and its drivers are not well understood. Our goal was to map post-socialist farmland abandonment in Western Ukraine using Landsat images from 1986 to 2008, and to identify spatial determinants of abandonment using a combination of best-subsets linear regression models and hierarchical partitioning. Our results suggest that farmland abandonment was widespread in the study region, with abandonment rates of up to 56%. In total, 6600 km² (30%) of the farmland used during socialism was abandoned after 1991. Topography, soil type, and population variables were the most important predictors to explain substantial spatial variation in abandonment rates. However, many of our a priori hypotheses about the direction of variable influence were rejected. Most importantly, abandonment rates were higher in the plains and lower in marginal areas. The growing importance of subsistence farming in the transition period, as well as off-farm income and remittances likely explain these patterns. The breakdown of socialism appears to have resulted in fundamentally different abandonment patterns in the Western Ukraine, where abandonment was a result of the institutional and economic shock, compared to those in Europe's West, where abandonment resulted from long-term socio-economic transformation such as urbanization and industrialization.     

Farmland abandonment in Rio de Janeiro: Underlying and contributory causes of an announced development

Farmland abandonment is a widespread process with mixed socio-economic and environmental consequences. Farmland abandonment in Rio de Janeiro State is mainly instigated by the sugarcane industry crisis. The sugarcane crisis in Rio de Janeiro State affected traditional livelihoods and altered the environment and economy in the Norte Fluminense region (eastern part of Rio de Janeiro State). Therefore, it is essential to understand the underlying forces and contributory causes of farmland abandonment in Rio de Janeiro. We hypothesized that since the 1970s, macroeconomic and agricultural reforms mediated by economic shocks had driven the farmland abandonment in Rio de Janeiro State. We applied an interrupted time-series analysis over sugarcane harvest areas, relating the years of policy reforms and economic shocks to the trends in sugarcane harvest areas. The results suggest that the removal of agricultural subsidies, macroeconomic reforms, and elimination of the supply quota in the sugar mills have prompted competition and favored high-input agroindustry. Meanwhile, the labor force migration to the higher-paying oil Industry exacerbated the farmland abandonment rates for the smallholders of Rio de Janeiro State. This paper offers a valuable contribution to scientists and policymakers by providing an overview of the outcomes of the policies implemented and how they contributed to shaping the socio-economic dynamics in Rio de Janeiro State.     

农地流转对农户土地利用行为及效果影响探究

在农地流转的影响下,农户的土地利用结构、土地投入、土地利用效率发生了改变。通过对现有文献的总结,全面探析农地流转行为对农户土地利用行为及效果的影响,以期阐明国内外学者现有研究的不足及未来的主要研究方向。对文献的梳理得出:农地流转中,"非农化"及"非粮化"倾向明显,且土地流转市场、土地利用比较收益、政府引导是三大主要驱动力;随着农地规模的扩大,单位面积劳动投入减少,劳动产出率提高;农地流转对农地投入及农业生产效率产生何种影响,国内外学者仍存在分歧,这主要是由于现有研究不够系统深入,未考虑土地流转市场、地权稳定性、农户类型、流转方式、流转用途等因素的作用。要充分发挥农地流转对农民收入的促进作用,政府应从完善土地流转市场,提高地权稳定性出发,但如何避免流转农地"非粮化"以确保国家粮食安全仍是一个亟待解决的问题,这也是未来的一个主要研究方向。     

农地流转区域差异及其成因分析 ——以江苏省为例

研究目的：分析农地流转发展的区域差异,以及这种差异的主要成因。研究方法：文献分析,计量经济分析。研究结果：（1）江苏省农地流转发展水平存在区域差异,苏南地区的农地流转比例最高,而苏北地区的农地流转增速最快,且已超过苏中地区的农地流转比例;（2）农地流转的区域差异是多种因素共同作用的结果,地区经济发展和农村劳动力非农就业都对农地流转具有显著的推动作用,鼓励和扶持农地流转的农村土地政策有效促进了农地流转的发展,农地产权安全性对农地流转的影响并不显著,而紧张的农村人地关系和与种植面积（承包面积）挂钩的农业补贴政策对农地流转具有一定的阻碍作用。研究结论：为了进一步促进农地流转和实现农业适度规模经营,应该因地制宜引导农村劳动力非农转移,完善农业补贴制度,并逐步探索农地流转专项补贴。     

基于GIS的农用地分等研究——以广东省顺德市为例

本文思路是以国土资源部颁发的《农用地分等规程》为依据，应用GIS技术，以各标准耕作制度下的指定作物的光温生产潜力为基础，通过对土地自然质量、土地利用水平、土地经济水平逐级订正，综合评定土地等别。     

Models of Site‐choice for Walks in Rural Ireland: Exploring Cost Heterogeneity

Farmland can confer significant public good benefits to society aside from its role in agricultural production. In this article, we investigate preferences of rural residents for the use of farmland as a recreational resource. In particular, we use a choice experiment to determine preferences for the development of farmland walking trails. Our modelling approach uses a series of mixed logit models to assess the impact of alternative distributional assumptions for the cost coefficient on the welfare estimates associated with the provision of the trails. Our results reveal that using a mixture of discrete and continuous distributions to represent cost heterogeneity leads to a better model fit and lower welfare estimates. Our results further reveal that Irish rural residents show positive preferences for the development of farmland walking trails in the Irish countryside.     

基于成本内涵的农田防护林生态补偿标准分析

农田防护林生态系统的存在不仅关乎平原地区粮食安全、农民增收问题,更关系社会主义新农村建设及农业生态文明。本研究在阐述农田防护林现状及问题的基础上,运用外部性理论对其进行解释,认为直接成本、机会成本和生态服务功能效益是生态补偿的主要部分,尝试运用外部性理论对生态补偿标准的核算问题进行分析。