税率锚定效应与企业投资决策

已有文献证实了高管过度自信等非理性因素对企业投资决策的影响,但尚未有文献研究锚定心理在投资决策中的作用。税收政策连续性不足会使得企业实际税率充满不确定性,高管在预测未来实际税率时很可能会非理性地锚定当期的高税率,进而产生税率锚定行为。本文研究这种非理性的税率锚定行为对企业投资决策的影响,结果发现:企业投资决策中存在显著的税率锚定行为,对高税率的锚定显著降低了企业未来的投资支出,且内在锚效应(纵向对比)强于外在锚效应(横向对比)。进一步地,我们发现经验更丰富的高管有助于缓解投资中的税率锚定效应,但更大的税率波动性加剧了这种效应,最终降低了公司业绩和价值。本文研究表明,控制投资中的税率锚定行为,有利于提高投资效率和企业价值,同时也表明保持宏观税收政策连续性有利于促进企业健康可持续发展。     

投资者的羊群行为分析--风险回避下的BHW模型北大核心CSSCISSCI

本文对传统的Bikhchandani,Hirshleifer和Welch的羊群行为模型(BHW)进行了改进和延伸,研究了风险回避情况下的信息瀑布和投资者的羊群行为。研究发现,当且仅当做出投资决策的投资者比做出不投资决策的投资者多于两个或更多时,投资的信息瀑布发生;当且仅当做出投资决策的投资者比做出不投资决策的投资者少于一个或更多时,不投资的信息瀑布发生,从而导致羊群行为的产生。另外,与风险中性的情况相比较,在风险回避时不投资的信息瀑布发生的概率比较大,而投资的信息瀑布发生的概率比较小。     

管理者过度自信、现金流量与投资决策

随着投资行为的多元化和复杂化,关于人类理性的严格假设在实践中遭到质疑。过度自信是基于非理性的一种主观心理行为。投资决策是公司在给定资本约束情况下对可能的投资项目进行有效选择,以实现投资收益最大化。在针对公司管理者的研究中发现,管理者在进行投资项目决策时,往往会表现出过度自信,同时管理者的自信度也可以在特定投资机会下改变企业现金流的成本和收益。本文研究了在资金充裕的情况下,管理者过度自信对投资决策的影响。本文在以管理层持股数变化作为衡量过度自信的标准,在对管理者过度自信、现金流量和企业投资决策的关系进行实证分析的基础上,得出了管理者过度自信与公司的投资水平呈正相关关系。即管理者过度自信会带来投资过度,损害企业价值。本文假设现金流量在一定程度上会影响投资支出,但是经过严格的实证检验,发现结果并不显著,所以出于尊重数据的考虑,本文认为在特殊时期(金融危机),且样本量有限的情况下,现金流量不会对投资决策产生显著影响。     

论投资决策分析方法

近些年来,在社会主义市场经济繁荣发展的环境下,各大企业之间的竞争也愈发激烈.企业为了获得生存和进一步发展,积极开展各项经济活动,而企业投资行为恰恰为企业的发展提供了一条有效途径.通常情况下,企业的投资项目涉及到的资金金额都比较惊人,一旦投资不甚会对企业的经营发展产生极其不良的影响,由此可见企业的投资行为承担着一定的风险.因此,企业应该在良好的发展前景下,科学运用投资决策分析方法提高企业投资决策的准确性.本文阐述了投资决策过程中容易出现的问题,并着重阐述了提高企业投资决策水平的有效策略.     

不确定性条件下投资的动态规划与或有债权分析的比较研究

经济学将投资定义为对未来回报的预期而承受瞬间成本的行为.现实世界中投资环境的波动性及时间因素对投资产生了不可忽视的影响,使投资具有不可逆性和不确定性两个最基本的特征.在最优投资决策中,投资者不仅要考虑未来的收入流,还要考虑未来不确定性的信息对投资产生的影响,因而使拥有投资机会的投资者持有一种类似于看涨期权的投资机会,即拥有未来某一时刻投资某项资产的权利而不是义务.当投资者做出投资决策时,他就执行了投资期权,放弃了等待会影响到投资决策新信息的机会,失去的期权价值就是一种机会成本,应该包括在投资成本中.因此在市场的不确定性条件下,可以用期权定价方法获得最优投资序列决策.研究不确定性投资优化问题时,动态规划和或有债权分析是两种常用的工具,本文将从这两种方法的推导得出一致的最优投资决策.     

关于投资项目决策的研究

企业在发展的环节中,投资项目的作用非常大.在进行投资和决策的环节中,应该对投资行为进行合理的选择,在对投资决策使用的基础上,优化投资的方案.因此,投资决策的合理性直接对企业的发展产生直接影响.投资决策的科学与否和投资方的经济效益密切相关,如果可以制定正确的投资决策,那么企业的经济效益会提升,如果出现投资失误,那么企业的经济效益会受损,严重了会导致企业出现破产.研究投资项目决策在一定程度上可以促进企业的经济发展,也能促进社会的稳定.本文主要分析企业在投资项目决策中存在的问题,针对问题,提出相应的措施.     

我国上市公司非效率投资行为研究

在现代公司中广泛存在着信息不对称和委托代理冲突导致的非有效投资,因此,探讨信息不对称和委托代理关系下的公司的投资决策问题,并提出相对应的对策成为学术界研究的焦点。本文基于委托代理和信息不对称条件影响下对上市公司的投资行为的影响,得出由于委托代理和信息不对称存在,使上市公司存在严重的非效率投资行为,进而针对性地提出了优化上市公司投资的对策,降低上市公司的非效率投资行为。     

我国政府和企业投资重点、时点及地点组合研究

目前我国在政府和企业投资的研究领域中,只是单纯考虑投资重点、投资时点和投资地点中某一项或两项因素的影响指标,很少将三者组合起来进行分析,但是三者均对投资起着至关重要的作用,本文运用焦点问题法,以评价指标体系为切入点,通过分析每个点的影响指标,从而建立一套相对完善的投资选择综合评价指标体系,并在分析量化相关指标的基础上,确立了模糊综合评价的方法对投资中重点、时点、地点进行评价,对于我国政府和企业投资决策的全面性起到了关键作用,并为投资决策提供了良好的判断依据.     

绩效反馈和非效率投资的关系研究——基于国有上市公司的实证分析

企业的投资决策行为与未来的生存和发展息息相关,如何提高投资效率一直是学者们关注的问题.本文以2009-2018年A股国有上市公司为研究样本,基于企业行为理论,探究业绩反馈对企业非效率投资的影响.     

中国资本市场羊群行为研究

一、羊群行为研究综述 在金融投资实践中,个体的投资决策行为是相互联系和作用的,这种联系和作用又会影响金融市场的价格波动.     

Almanac of anticipations: The age of affluence—of anticipation—of anxiety—of automation—of discontinuity—of longing—of overkill—of space exploration

With this survey of developments in the futures field since 1945, I.F. Clarke completes his present series for Futures. He makes two major points: that forecasting techniques have become essential tools in the management of change; and that nuclear weapons and ecological problems have added a moral dimension to the study of the future. In the next issue of Futures he will start a new series on the range of future-thinking in the USA, from the expectations of the first settlers to the Star Wars programme.     

社会主义所有制形式的改革、完善与共产党执政能力的提高

在中国,所有制形式的调整、改革与完善,先进生产力的发展,党的执政能力建设,是社会主义建设过程中密切结合在一起的三个不同层面的发展关系.应在相互促进和共同提高中促进社会的和谐发展,保证社会主义现代化建设战略目标的顺利实现.     

基金公司经营融资融券业务的问题审视

融资融券业务正式运营已经开展,为证券市场带来了革命性的改革,作为证券市场的一大主体,基金公司面对融资融券也迎来了新的发展方向和挑战,本文从融资融券业务的运行机制入手,分析了基金公司融资融券的新契机,并对其即将面临的问题进行审视和剖析,进而提出策略建议.     

对基层人民银行科技工作的几点建议

银监会分设后,人民银行将专司货币政策、金融稳定、金融服务三大职能。作为人民银行的分支机构,基层人民银行的工作重心也将从金融监管调整到这三大职能上来。人民银行的科技部门,就要积极运用科技手段,为人民银行履行新的职能发挥“服务、支持、促进、发展”的作用。一、围绕三大职能搭建五大平台经过“六五打基础、七五作准备、八五大发展”几个阶段后,人民银行相继实现了核算电算化、清算网络化和办公信息化。特别是近一两年来,陆续开通了大额支付系统、信贷登记咨询系统、会计四集中系统、金融信息服务网站等系统,人民银行信息化水平又…     

Properties of time-series estimates of degree of leverage measures

Empirical studies suggest that time-series regression estimates of the degrees of operating and financial leverage have a tendency to produce measures less than one. According to ex ante theory, these measures should be greater than one for firms operating above the breakeven point. There have also been suggestions that the biases in these estimates may be attributable to an underlying increase in unit sales. This work presents evidence that these counter-intuitive measures are produced by changes in the firm's operating parameters (unit price, variable cost, fixed cost and interest payments). It further suggests that attempts to control for the underlying change in unit sales substantially increase the volatility of predicted estimates.     

浅议金融机构的举证责任

金融纠纷案件是当事人以存单或进账单、对账单、存款合同、保险单、票据、证券等凭证为主要证据向人民法院提出诉讼的案件,对于不同种类金融纠纷的当事人的举证责任,我国现行的金融法律、法规及司法解释有不同的规定。由于金融机构的特殊法律地位,发生金融纠纷时存在有关当事人将最后偿付风险转移给金融机构承担的主观故意,在客观上会使金融机构难以提供相应的证据来对抗不法债权人的诉讼请求,而导致金融机构败诉。为此,对金融诉讼案件中金融机构的举证责任加以研究具有重要的实践意义。     

Summary of Results of Survey of Seminar Attendees

Abstract

The Society of Actuaries undertook a three-phase research project on mortality improvement in the three NAFTA countries: Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. Phase 1 consisted of a literature review of papers on projecting mortality levels in the future and a study of the trend in mortality improvement during this century. Phase 2 consisted of a discussion of different facets of modeling mortality rates at a seminar attended by 79 experts (actuaries, demographers, economists, and medical researchers) representing different countries. The last session of the seminar consisted of the completion of a survey by the attendees to obtain input for Phase 3, which would analyze the impact of mortality improvement on the social security system of each country. This paper summarizes the results of the survey.

The survey results illustrate the difficulty in forecasting mortality levels, because the effects of many factors that could have significant impact on mortality rates are unknown. This suggests the need for dynamic forecasting, which allows for the possibility of random shocks. A majority of the survey respondents believe that stochastic forecasting models, despite their complexity, have significant potential to add value. Respondents also believe that both historical data and cause-specific mortality forecasts are useful as input and also in validating forecasts of the aggregate levels of mortality. The challenge is to develop more sophisticated forecasting models to produce results that are relatively easy to interpret and to communicate these results to the desired audiences, including the public and policymakers.

The survey results suggest that the aggregate effect of lifestyle changes, medical advances, diseases, catastrophe, and physical environmental changes is an increase in life span. However, there is much uncertainty about the future. Respondents expect that beyond the year 2020 the mean annual rate of reduction in mortality for males age 65 and over will average about 0.58% for Canada, 0.76% for Mexico, and 0.67% for the U.S. The results for the female age 65 and over population are 0.64%, 0.83%, and 0.70%, respectively. The age 65 and over population is expected to see larger percentage reductions in mortality than the 0–14 and 15–64 populations. The reductions in male and female mortality will be ultimately the same, and the mortality levels in the three countries will ultimately converge, although differences may persist for decades.     

The Usefulness of Measures of Consistency of Discretionary Components of Accruals in the Detection of Earnings Management

Abstract:  Prior research has shown the prevalence of measurement error in models used to estimate aggregate discretionary accruals. In these models, the incremental information content of the various components of accruals is ignored. Limited prior research and data gathered from firms under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) litigation indicate that managers use either one or more than one component of accruals simultaneously, in a consistent way to manipulate bottom-line earnings in a given direction. I propose two measures that capture the consistency between the discretionary components of accruals and test their significance in earnings management (EM) detection in firms that have artificially added accrual manipulation and firms that were targeted by the SEC for accrual manipulation. There is evidence that this information is incrementally useful in detecting EM. This finding paves the way for improvements in the discretionary accruals measure by including consistency information from the components of aggregate accruals.     

Separation of Unit of Account from Medium of Exchange

The separation of a unit of account (UoA) from a medium of exchange (MoE) in the commodity–money system is investigated by considering explicitly a seller's choice of UoA in terms of either an MoE or a unit of metal weight. If the likelihood of debasement of an MoE and its rate are high enough, the price is posted in terms of a unit of metal weight rather than an MoE. Interestingly, this MoE–UoA separated equilibrium yields the flexible nominal price, whereas an MoE–UoA integrated equilibrium yields the sticky one. This implies the nominal price rigidity in the fiat‐money system where MoE and UoA are integrated.