海洋经济增长与环境污染水平关系的实证分析

利用经济增长与环境污染水平计量模型—环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)理论基础,选取2001?2012年全国海洋经济与环境数据,建立了海洋经济与环境污染水平计量模型。通过分析经济因子与环境因子的相互关系,得出结论:沿海地区工业固体废物、沿海地区工业废水排放量与海洋石油勘探开发生产废水的EKC形态为倒U型;倾倒区疏浚物倾倒量与赤潮受灾面积的EKC明显为N型。尽管沿海地区工业固体废物、沿海地区工业废水排放量以及海洋石油勘探开发生产废水排放量与沿海地区人均海洋生产总值的关系呈倒U型曲线,但均不显著。可见,海洋经济的增长幵不一定能带来海洋环境的改善,环境质量水平的提高需要多种因素的共同作用。     

资源型城市经济发展与环境污染关系研究——以衡阳市为例

为促进衡阳市经济与环境协调发展,采用环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)对衡阳市经济发展与环境污染水平的关系进行定量研究,以衡阳市2004-2016年人均GDP为经济指标,以废水排放总量,废气排放总量,工业固体废物贮存量为环境指标。结果表明:衡阳市人均GDP与环境污染未呈现倒"U"型环境库兹涅茨曲线。人均GDP与工业废水排放量及工业固体废弃物产生量的EKC曲线表现为倒"N"型的三次曲线特征,且均已通过倒"N"型的峰值,说明衡阳市工业废水排放量和工业固体废弃物产生量会随着经济增长呈现下降趋势。人均GDP与工业废气排放量呈现较弱的"S"型,无明显峰值和拐点,且呈现上升趋势,说明衡阳市工业废气排放量会随着经济增长呈现增长趋势。结合衡阳市实际,提出促进衡阳市经济与环境协调发展的对策和建议。     

基于面板数据的中国区域水环境污染EKC分析

为深入探讨环境指标选择对库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)的影响,利用对数多项式函数,通过改变具体水环境污染指标,分别采用工业废水排放量、工业废水排放当量以及提出污染感知度等环境指标与人均GDP进行模型拟合。研究发现,环境指标越能反映真实水环境污染情况,拟合结果越符合EKC规律,中国的水环境污染和人均GDP的关系在统计上符合EKC规律。探讨水资源丰富程度和经济发达程度对EKC的影响。水资源匮乏的省份,水环境质量与经济增长符合EKC规律。经济发达的省份,水环境持续恶化的趋势全部得到扭转,经济落后的省份表现不一,部分省份的水环境污染依然在加剧。     

农产品贸易知识溢出的环境效应研究

现有农产品贸易环境效应的研究忽略了对外贸易知识溢出,本文基于农产品贸易非物化型知识空间溢出特征将经典线性的环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)予以空间维度扩展,实证检验发现,农产品贸易知识局域溢出不仅有助于降低贸易发生地的化肥(氮)污染排放量,而且农产品贸易非物化型知识跨区域溢出还有助于降低贸易发生地以外其他地区的化肥(氮)污染排放量;环境污染与农业经济增长之间的关系呈现空间二分属性,环境污染不仅与其所在地区农业人均收入水平呈现倒U型曲线关系,而且也与其所在地区以外其他地区的农业人均收入水平呈现倒U型曲线关系。建议提升农产品贸易知识比重、打破传统农业封闭落后格局、培育农业服务业智力资本以及实现区域经济协调发展。     

环境质量与农业经济增长的内在关系探讨——基于我国31个省区面板数据的EKC分析

推进农业绿色发展是乡村振兴战略的关键点。深入探讨农业经济与农村环境质量之间的关系对于重塑常规农业向绿色可持续方向转变具有重要意义。本文基于我国31个省区农村环境质量综合评价指数,建立了农业经济发展水平与农村环境之间的计量模型,对二者关系进行了环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)验证。研究结果表明:(1)农村环境质量与经济发展水平呈倒"U"型曲线关系,符合EKC假说,这表明随着经济水平增长,农村环境质量将呈现先恶化后好转变化态势。但EKC曲线并不意味着污染可以自然而然得到解决,深层原因分析显示只有技术进步及政府对环境问题实施治理,农村环境和经济发展才可实现"双赢"。(2)农村环境质量好转转折点为人均GDP 57393元/人(2000年不变价),目前上海、天津、江苏3省(市)达到了这一门槛,大部分省份离转折点有一定距离。(3)不同发展水平省份EKC假说所处阶段存在区域差异。东部省份已呈现倒"U"型曲线,中部和西南地区多数省份接近转折点,西北省份仍处于倒"U"型曲线左侧。     

江苏省水环境污染与经济发展关系研究

以环境库兹涅茨理论为基础,建立了江苏省经济增长与废水排放的环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)计量模型,并分别从时序维度和截面维度对两者之间的关系进行了研究.结果表明:时序维度上,江苏省废水排放总量、城镇生活污水排放量、城镇生活污水COD排放量与人均GDP的拟合反映出显著的EKC曲线特征;从截面维度上,各城市废水排放总量、工业废水排放量、工业COD排放量与人均GDP的拟合也呈明显的EKC关系.总体上,江苏经济与水环境之间正趋向良性发展,水污染正在减弱,有望在未来实现经济与环境的双赢.     

湖南省经济增长与环境污染实证性研究

以环境库兹涅茨曲线（EKC）理论为基础，根据1988-2007年的经济与环境数据，构建了湖南省工业“三废”排放量的环境库兹涅茨曲线模型，分析了湖南省环境质量与经济之间的关系，并对“三废”排放量变化趋势进行理论估计。     

探析经济增长与保持草原生态  ———基于EKC理论的实证分析

经济增长是否有利与草原生态的保持是学术界长期关注的重要课题之一。该文在环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)假说的基础上,对中国草原生态问题与经济增长之间关系进行研究。文章首先测算出我国1978～2009年的草地生态足迹,然后通过广义差分法对EKC模型进行回归分析,结果表明,草原生态压力与经济增长呈现倒N型关系,但在实际观察值范围内,二者正处于倒U型曲线的上升阶段,目前仍未跨过环境库兹涅茨曲线转折点的位置。这说明经济增长在一定程度上有利于缓解草原生态压力,但要改变其总体恶化的趋势,还需通过积极的政策响应来实现。     

监管制度与异质环境库兹涅茨曲线理论

基于传统的环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)理论的微观作用机制,通过区分直接变量和间接变量,辨析了污染决定模型和EKC模型。在此基础上提出异质EKC理论,指出收入水平的增加虽然可以给环境改善带来正面效应,但是收入水平本身并不足以完成环境污染倒U型的转换。因此,在改善环境的过程中,除了要努力发展经济之外,还需要不断增强环境保护意识、完善制度框架和监管质量。     

南京市经济增长与环境质量关系分析

对南京市经济情况和环境质量状况进行分析,南京市地区经济正在快速发展,产业结构也在不断完善并趋于合理,并且2016年环境保护工作取得较好的成效。选取2000—2016年南京市地区的国民收入水平以及四种污染物排放量的年度数据作为样本,通过ECK回归模型探索南京市的四种主要污染排放物是否符合环境库兹涅茨曲线,分析得出结论:废水排放量W、废气排放量WG、二氧化硫排放量S02与经济增长呈现倒N型,工业固体废弃物排放量SW与经济增长呈现正N型。提出了改善环境质量须加大污染治理投资;加强环境监管,强化环境规制;加强节能减排技术的研究开发等建议。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Evaluating Alternative Policy Responses to Higher World Food Prices: The Case of Increasing Rice Prices in Madagascar

Higher world food prices have led many developing countries to adopt policies to mitigate the impact on low-income households. This article sets out a partial equilibrium framework to evaluate the efficiency, distributional, and revenue implications of alternative policy responses. The model is applied to evaluate tariff reductions and targeted transfers in Madagascar. Although lowering tariffs generates substantial efficiency gains, these accrue mainly to the top half of the welfare distribution, and poor net sellers are actually worse off. Developing a system of targeted direct transfers to poor households is likely to be a substantially more cost-effective approach to poverty alleviation.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。