湖北省乡村人—地—业时空耦合的状态与动态特征

目的 构建乡村人—地—业发展水平评价指标体系,定量分析2009—2017年湖北省乡村人—地—业发展时空耦合特征,探讨其发展状态耦合的分异特征和时空动态耦合的类型规律。方法 文章运用耦合协调度模型分析2009年和2017年湖北省县域乡村人—地—业状态耦合协调的时空格局,运用动态耦合度模型识别湖北省县域乡村人—地—业动态耦合类型。结果 2009年和2017年湖北省乡村地区人—地—业发展状态耦合度较高,呈现出“一圈一轴两片”的空间格局;湖北省乡村人—地—业整体处于初级协调状态,2009—2017年呈现出由勉强和初级协调向初级和中级协调转变发展的趋势;湖北省乡村人—地—业时空动态耦合水平整体明显低于状态耦合水平,其耦合关系可划分为人地业正向发展型、单系统发展滞后型、单系统发展引领型和人地业负向发展型4种类型,整体以单系统发展引领型和滞后型为主。结论 研究有助于把握乡村人—地—业发展的时空逻辑关系,能够为区域乡村振兴分类施策提供重要的决策支持。     

友谊县城乡居民点用地转型研究

研究目的:以友谊县为研究区,总结城乡居民点用地转型时空格局及演化规律。研究方法:空间离散测度及分形维数测度。研究结果:(1)友谊县城乡居民点用地转型经历了乡村发展主导期、城乡共进发展期、城进乡退调整期三个阶段;(2)乡村发展主导期呈现出以乡村为主导的城乡居民点用地规模迅速增加,以小型乡村居民点用地为主,分布较为集聚,并逐渐呈现场县、乡镇、村屯3级结构;(3)城乡共进发展期城镇与乡村居民点用地同步增加,中小型居民点为主体,分布趋于均衡但仍有一定的随机性,居民点3级结构稳定;(4)城进乡退调整期乡村居民点用地规模大幅减少,而城镇居民点用地持续增加,大型居民点陆续占据主导地位,居民点分布更趋均衡,居民点等级逐渐缩减为场县、乡镇2级结构。研究结论:城乡居民点用地转型具有一定的历史必然性,城乡居民点用地转型规律可以为城乡用地管理提供理论依据。     

中国11个集中连片特困区多维减贫与建设用地扩张的关联分析

研究目的：基于经济、社会和生态3个维度构建多维减贫指标体系，测度2000—2020年中国11个集中连片特困区多维减贫动态变化，系统分析集中连片特困区减贫与建设用地扩张的时空耦合关系。研究方法：指标评价法、综合扩张指数和脱钩模型。研究结果：（1)研究期间集中连片特困区减贫成效显著，2000—2010年和2010—2020年县域单元多维减贫指数均值分别为0.134和0.186，经济减贫指数明显高于社会和生态减贫指数；（2)集中连片特困区建设用地扩张先缓后快，局部区域扩张迅速，但整体以相对稳定型扩张为主，2010—2020年扩张明显加快，缓变型和快变型呈现组团化分布；（3)研究期间集中连片特困区减贫指数与建设用地扩张指数以较理想型的弱脱钩为主，强脱钩县域单元数量由2000—2010年的131个减少为2010—2020年的10个，与之对应的弱脱钩县域单元数量则由369个增加到486个，有效体现了“输血式”扶贫向“造血式”扶贫方式的转变。研究结论：特困区减贫动态变化与建设用地扩张存在密切关联，县域土地城镇化有助于增强特困区内生发展动力，后扶贫时期特困区需推进建设用地由增量扩张向存量调整的高质量发...     

青海东部河湟地区建设用地时空变化分析

应用土地利用现状调查与变更调查数据,分析了青海东部河湟地区建设用地结构、规模数量及空间分布随时间变化的规律与特点.研究结果表明,建设用地规模迅速扩张,城镇建设用地与农村居民点用地同步增长;建设用地集约节约水平不高,建设用地外延扩展占用耕地现象较为突出.青海高原东部经济发展所带来的建设用地的扩张与耕地的减少给区域土地资源...     

基于农户生计视角的耕地利用转型解析

[目的]明晰中国城乡要素双向加速流动背景下,农户生计转型和耕地利用转型的作用关系。[方法]文章在基于农户视角的耕地利用转型分析基础上,分别从城乡和乡村农户两个维度,解析了农户生计转型与耕地利用转型的相互作用关系,进而展望了乡村振兴下农户生计转型与耕地利用转型的研究主题。[结果]（1）城乡层面存在着基于“产业→人口→生计→耕地”链条的农户生计转型与耕地利用转型时空耦合;乡村层面存在着基于农户“生计—生产—耕地”链条的农户生计转型与耕地利用转型时空耦合。（2）农户生计转型分化及乡村发展主体多元化引起的价值诉求差异化,进一步驱动了乡村耕地利用多功能转型与乡村的多功能转向。基于耕地利用在生态产品供给、休闲康养、文化传承等方面多功能边界的拓展,加速推动了耕地利用、农业生产及乡村发展的多功能转型。[结论]乡村振兴背景下,基于农户生计视角应关注多尺度多梯度分异下的农户生计转型与耕地利用转型耦合,注重农户生计转型与耕地利用转型发展的“格局—过程”研究,加强基于耕地利用社会生态反馈的、乡村多元主体协同发展下的农户生计转型与耕地利用转型研究。     

乡村地域“三生空间”功能演化与耦合协调度研究 ——以黑龙江省为例

研究目的：研究黑龙江省乡村地域“三生空间”功能演化与耦合协调度,为促进乡村地域“三生空间”协调发展提供理论依据,为实现乡村可持续发展提供策略参考。研究方法：构建乡村地域“生产—生活—生态”功能评价指标体系,运用熵权法和耦合协调度模型,识别黑龙江省2009—2018年“三生空间”功能时空演化特征及三者之间的耦合协调关系。研究结果：（1）黑龙江省乡村地域生产功能、生活功能均明显弱化,生态功能波动不大;（2）乡村地域生产、生活功能有明显的集聚特征,主要表现为“四周高—中间低”,且二者高值区在时间维度上不断收缩,说明乡村地域的生产和生活功能均在不断萎缩,主要是受到东北乡村地区人口流失的影响;（3）黑龙江省乡村地域耦合度与耦合协调度整体较高,但是2009—2018年呈现不断下降趋势。研究结论：乡村地域发展策略包括：（1）采取“精明收缩”策略来应对乡村地域生产、生活功能的衰退;（2）促进乡村地域多功能同步协调发展;（3）基于不同乡村地域的特殊性,提出差异化发展的政策建议。     

基于格网尺度的永城市土地利用转型研究与热点探测

研究目的:基于格网尺度分析河南省永城市土地利用转型时空演化规律。研究方法:利用土地利用动态度测算土地利用变化速度,通过土地利用转移矩阵,研究土地利用类型的转移方向及原因;在格网尺度上,采用Crime stat软件探测土地利用转型热点,运用Moran指数分析土地利用转型的空间关系与集聚状况。研究结果:(1)土地利用动态度总体变化平缓,但城市建设用地变化较大;(2)2005—2010年各用地类型的转移幅度均比2000—2005年大,耕地和农村居民点用地转移方向以互相转化为主,城镇用地面积增加的来源主要是耕地和农村居民点;(3)土地利用转型热点地区在空间呈现集聚与正向相关关系,不仅数目增多,而且范围不断扩大,且集中在中心城区和路网发达区域。研究结论:(1)采煤塌陷区空间形态的复杂性及新城区的迅速发展,决定了遥感是土地利用转型研究的有效手段,格网尺度的研究更能精准刻画土地利用转型的过程与特征;(2)永城市是河南省粮食主产区,担负着粮食生产安全的重要使命,但来自于老城区采煤塌陷与新城区快速建设、处于省际边界地区强力推进的产业集聚区建设,保护耕地的压力越来越大,建设用地供给侧改革的开源与节流是永城市持续发展的战略任务。     

基于“源-汇”理论的山区农村居民点“三生空间”优化研究——以井陉县为例

本研究根据农村居民点以及太行山区县域“三生空间”分布特征,基于“源-汇”理论和MCR模型,从生态源地扩张和生产源地扩张的角度,依据“三生”功能构建阻力面指标体系,计算最小累积阻力面差,实现县域“三生空间”的划分和农村居民点分类整治优化。结果表明：（1）基于“源-汇”理论的最小累积阻力模型在山区“三生空间”格局构建,农村居民点分类整治中具有相容性和可行性;（2）研究区以生态保护区和生态优化区为主,生态空间占比59.5%,以生态功能为主,农村居民点分布中生产功能占比62.7%,以生产功能导向为主,因此,乡村整治要根据农村居民所处的主导功能分类整治;（3）乡村整治应综合考虑农村居民点的生活、生产、生态功能特征,分类促进山区乡村振兴和生态文明建设。     

太仓、海门、金坛、丹阳四县(市)人地关系调查研究综合报告

江苏省太仓等四县人地关系调查报告,揭示出建国以来和今后人地关系的演变趋势是:人增地减是一个普遍而持续的观象;土地后备资源的潜力越来越小;由于新的人口生育高峰的来临和乡村工业的发展、居民点的不断扩大,人地矛盾将日益尖锐。造成人地关系和农副产品供求关系日益紧张的根本原因,是由于过去人口政策上的失误、认识上的片面、管理上的混乱和不力。 “前事不忘,后事之师”。为了寻求人口、土地和农副产品供应之间的平衡,必须在宏观决策管理上,采取强有力的政策措施,尽快缓和与稳定三者之间的关系。今后,增加农副产品有效供应的途径,主要依靠科学技术和物质资金的投入,实行集约经营,加快农业观代化的步伐。     

“九五”土地管理工作重点的三项转移

“九五”土地管理工作重点的三项转移国家土地管理局建设用地司有偿处宫玉泉一、新增建设用地的供给将由过去主要靠占用农地转向以充分挖掘现有建设用地潜力为主＂九五＂到２０１０年建设用地将面临更加严重的挑战。一方面由于人口的不断增加，人地矛盾将更加尖锐，保护耕...     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.