Influence of perceived risk on entrepreneurial desirability and feasibility: multidimensional approach for nascent entrepreneurs

This study examines the influence of perceived risk on entrepreneurial desirability and feasibility as determining factors in the intention to start a self-owned business. Specifically, a multidimensional approach is taken to examine the different types of risks associated with entrepreneurship: economic, social, time, health and personal risks. The results obtained from a sample of 376 new entrepreneurs in Mexico confirm the fact that the perceived desirability and feasibility have a significant and positive effect on the intentions to start their own company. On one hand, the empirical evidence obtained shows a heterogenic effect of the risk dimensions associated with entrepreneurship on the perceived desirability and feasibility in their behaviour. Therefore, it was found that the economic risk associated with entrepreneurship has a negative effect on the feasibility to start a business, but does not significantly influence the desirability of that behaviour. On the other hand, a significant effect from the risk related to health is not seen on desirability and feasibility, but the negative influence of personal risk is empirically supported for both variables. Finally, the results obtained related to social and time risk are contradictory. Social risk negatively influences entrepreneurship desirability, but a positive effect is observed on the feasibility to create a business. For its part, the empirical evidence obtained does not support any effect of the time risk on the perceived feasibility of starting a business, but there is a positive on entrepreneurship desirability. These results, which are contrary to the traditional concept of risk as a barrier to entrepreneurship, are justified by the vocational nature of this behaviour and by the social sacrifices that are sometimes necessary to be able to make a business work.     

The business case for regulation of corporate social responsibility and accountability

This paper develops an alternative (or supplementary) theoretical justification for the regulation of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and social and environmental accounting and reporting (SEAR) to the justification contained in the extant academic literature. It does this by demonstrating how, contrary to the dominant business discourse, increased regulation designed to protect the social and environmental interests of a range of stakeholders can also serve to enhance corporate economic performance and shareholder value.

The theoretical perspectives developed in this paper are drawn from Beck's and Giddens’ theories on reflexive modernity, and indicate that reflexively appropriated knowledge can be a key factor in developing socially constructed understandings of the social and environmental risks to a range of stakeholders inherent in business operations.

In situations where voluntary self-regulation of CSR and SEAR has been ineffective in preventing corporate actions and decisions that have resulted in damaging social and environmental consequences, processes of reflexivity can substantially increase public awareness of the level of risk they face from corporate operations. Such increased perceptions of risk can lead to a loss of trust in an individual corporation or a whole industrial sector, and this can be exacerbated where stakeholders begin to actively seek out alternative risk discourses to inform themselves about possible risks of which they were previously unaware. We argue that effective statutory regulation could avoid these outcomes, and the loss of shareholder economic value that can flow from these outcomes.     

企业家精神会影响资本账户开放的风险效应吗?

本文基于面板平滑转换模型及97个国家和地区的跨国面板数据,实证研究企业家精神对资本账户开放风险效应的影响。结果表明,一国的企业家精神越强,则越有利于防范和化解由资本账户开放引起的金融风险;反之,一国企业家精神越弱,则开放资本账户越有可能加剧一国面临的金融风险。以上结论在不同的稳健性检验下均显著成立。基于这一发现,本文认为,企业家精神是影响资本账户开放风险效应的重要因素之一,因此,我国应将资本账户开放与企业家精神的培育相结合,在推进资本账户开放的进程中大力培育企业家精神,以防范和化解金融风险。这同时表明,"大众创业、万众创新"对于我国资本账户开放具有重要意义。     

商业银行托管业务全程监控风险管理体系探讨

随着国内商业银行托管业务的快速发展和外部环境的变化,当前商业银行托管业务的风险管理存在着一定风险,重构托管业务风险管理体系不仅是商业银行自身发展和制度创新的需要,也是我国银行托管业健康发展的根本保证.本文在借鉴国外托管机构相关经验的基础上,对重构我国商业银行托管业务的风险管理体系进行了初步的探讨,提出了全程监控风险的管理思想,并尝试构建全程监控风险管理体系,进而对全程监控风险管理体系的理论和现实基础、评价对象和内容、评价的标准、评价工具和手段以及评价结果的反馈做了具体说明.     

Real options maximizing survival probability under incomplete markets

By integrating the survival problem into the theory of real option valuation under incomplete markets, we analyze an entrepreneurial firm's optimal survival probability and the joint decisions of business investments and portfolio choices when the business investment opportunity has undiversifiable idiosyncratic risks. Based on the theory of stochastic control, we derive the semi-closed-form solutions for the firm's optimal survival probability, its investment thresholds and the implied option value. The results show that the goal of maximizing the survival probability greatly changes the entrepreneur's business investment strategies, the pattern of asset allocation and the correlation between the option value and the project risks. The comparative statics analysis shows that public authorities should subsidize entrepreneurs and maintain stabile financial markets in order to encourage entrepreneurship.     

The relationship between liquidity risk and credit risk in banks

This paper investigates the relationship between the two major sources of bank default risk: liquidity risk and credit risk. We use a sample of virtually all US commercial banks during the period 1998–2010 to analyze the relationship between these two risk sources on the bank institutional-level and how this relationship influences banks’ probabilities of default (PD). Our results show that both risk categories do not have an economically meaningful reciprocal contemporaneous or time-lagged relationship. However, they do influence banks’ probability of default. This effect is twofold: whereas both risks separately increase the PD, the influence of their interaction depends on the overall level of bank risk and can either aggravate or mitigate default risk. These results provide new insights into the understanding of bank risk and serve as an underpinning for recent regulatory efforts aimed at strengthening banks (joint) risk management of liquidity and credit risks.     

商业银行对集合资金信托计划的保管业务综述

按照现行规定,具有托管资质的商业银行可与信托公司签订协议,按照约定对集合信托资金进行保管并收取保管费用,此类新型业务存在一定风险.本文通过揭示集合资金信托计划保管业务的三类重点风险,站在商业银行角度,从运营管理、操作流程、日常管理三方面提出规范化管理相关措施,以有效防范风险.     

中小企业应收账款质押融资的实证研究

本文介绍了我国应收账款质押融资现状,运用因子分析方法,得出了影响应收账款质押融资业务发展的主要因素,从诚信视角剖析了应收账款质押融资风险,探讨了建立应收账款质押信用信息共享和失信惩戒制度的途径和机制。     

终极控制人性质、内部控制缺陷与企业风险

以2008~2014年上市公司为研究对象,考察转型经济环境下终极控制人性质如何影响内部控制缺陷及其修复与企业风险之间的关系。研究发现,内部控制缺陷越大,企业风险越高,但缺陷修复能显著降低企业风险;进一步研究发现,国有企业比民营企业的风险程度显著更小,但相对央企而言,地方国有企业更容易出现风险,尤其在治理环境差的地区,地方国企的风险程度显著更高。研究表明,不同的终极控制人性质导致了企业内部控制缺陷对企业风险的不同影响,这既为深化国有企业改革提供经验证据,也进一步昭示强化企业内部控制风险免疫功能的重要性与紧迫性。     

Enterprise Risk Management: Theory and Practice

The Chief Risk Officer of Nationwide Insurance teams up with a distinguished academic to discuss the benefits and challenges associated with the design and implementation of an enterprise risk management program. The authors begin by arguing that a carefully designed ERM program—one in which all material corporate risks are viewed and managed within a single framework—can be a source of long‐run competitive advantage and value through its effects at both a “macro” or company‐wide level and a “micro” or business‐unit level. At the macro level, ERM enables senior management to identify, measure, and limit to acceptable levels the net exposures faced by the firm. By managing such exposures mainly with the idea of cushioning downside outcomes and protecting the firm's credit rating, ERM helps maintain the firm's access to capital and other resources necessary to implement its strategy and business plan. At the micro level, ERM adds value by ensuring that all material risks are “owned,” and risk‐return tradeoffs carefully evaluated, by operating managers and employees throughout the firm. To this end, business unit managers at Nationwide are required to provide information about major risks associated with all new capital projects—information that can then used by senior management to evaluate the marginal impact of the projects on the firm's total risk. And to encourage operating managers to focus on the risk‐return tradeoffs in their own businesses, Nationwide's periodic performance evaluations of its business units attempt to refl ect their contributions to total risk by assigning risk‐adjusted levels of “imputed” capital on which project managers are expected to earn adequate returns. The second, and by far the larger, part of the article provides an extensive guide to the process and major challenges that arise when implementing ERM, along with an account of Nationwide's approach to dealing with them. Among other issues, the authors discuss how a company should assess its risk “appetite,” measure how much risk it is bearing, and decide which risks to retain and which to transfer to others. Consistent with the principle of comparative advantage it uses to guide such decisions, Nationwide attempts to limit “non‐core” exposures, such as interest rate and equity risk, thereby enlarging the firm's capacity to bear the “information‐intensive, insurance‐ specific” risks at the core of its business and competencies.     

金融机构理财与资金信托业务能潜在风险及对策

近年来我国商业银行理财与信托公司资金信托业务持续快速发展,但一些风险因素也在不断累积,文章以辽宁省为例,分析了其理财与资金信托业务增长规模、结构特点与潜在风险因素,并从提高理财产品信息披露透明度、创新信托业务发展模式等方面,就促进理财与信托业务规范与健康发展提出相关建议。     

利率市场化攻坚与制度惯性影响下的商业银行压力、风险及对策

中国人民银行全面放开贷款利率和允许CD存单利率市场化定价的决定,使我国利率市场化改革步入攻坚阶段,社会资金配置由此更加遵循市场原则。但受传统制度惯性影响的存贷中介商业银行将随改革进程的推进面临更加凸显的诸多风险和压力。文章在分析置身于利率市场化攻坚阶段商业银行所面临的风险基础上,探讨了受传统制度惯性影响的商业银行如何加快经营战略转型,提高定价和风险管理水平,增强抗风险能力,以确保生存与发展的措施建议。     

The use of expected value in pricing judgments

Lacking specific knowledge, the public perceives technical risks based on their trust in the authorities. This article explored the role of shared value in the process of trust judgment and risk perception of genetically modified (GM) foods. Study 1 showed that social trust was a mediator between shared value and risk perception. Higher value similarity between individual and spokesperson resulted in deeper trust in the institution; moreover, social trust effectively reduced public risk perception of GM foods. Study 2 demonstrated that shared value improved in the care and competence dimensions of trust. The two dimensions of trust were positively related, but only competence had a significant influence on risk perception. Implications for risk communication are discussed.     

信托项目风险成因与处置方法研究——基于26个信托风险事件

随着信托行业资产规模的不断扩张,部分信托项目风险事件也暴露出来。在刚性兑付文化以及信托公司的社会影响力尚不稳定的情况下,加强信托项目风险处置对于信托公司提出了较高的要求。基于26个信托项目风险事件以及信托公司风险管理实践的研究发现,尽职调查不完善、信托项目过程管理流于形式以及交易对手不诚信等是信托项目出现风险的重要原因。风险处置手段包括延长信托项目期限和提前终止等措施,信托公司需要通过恰当的风险处置手段保护投资者利益。未来,信托公司需提高风险管理水平和能力,进一步防范信托风险事件发生。     

The determinants of integrating policy-based and community-based adaptation into coastal hazard risk management: a resilience approach

Abstract

A growing number of studies focus on improving the understanding of how the households’ adaptations can be encouraged in the process of coastal hazards and risk management. Particularly, this process is undergoing a major paradigm shift as it moves from an approach dominated by policy-based adaptation to another one in which community-based resilience building is favored. Thus, this article aims to apply a resilience approach to improve the knowledge about how public measures influence private autonomous adaptation behavior, through a transdisciplinary investigation of household adaptation behavior and its determinants. The Resilience Framework of Household Autonomous Adaptation to Climate- and Weather-Related Hazard Risks (ROHACHR) is proposed and combined with a focus group meeting and multivariate analysis to compare pre-disaster, during a disaster, post-disaster adaptations, and resilience behavior of households. Using an empirical survey of the households in three coastal municipalities in Taiwan, we examine the relationships between public measures and private adaptations that provides three distinguishing types of household behavior: ‘core’, ‘trust in governmental aid’, and ‘awareness and structures’. Results show that providing hazard risk information may be one step toward encouraging private autonomous adaptations. Several factors that help foster resilience also appear to be influential in households’ adaptation decisions, such as specific and positive governmental aid, information trust, and social capital. Based on these results, it shows that the ROHACHR is useful to characterize households’ adaptation and resilience behavior and explain how they respond to public measures. Finally, the policy implications of our findings for improving resilience of coastal communities and encouraging public-private collaboration in the process of hazard risk management are discussed.     

商业银行金融创新与系统性风险

本文利用2007—2018年间我国商业银行金融创新财务数据和基于尾部依赖度量的系统性风险,分析了商业银行金融创新对系统性风险的影响。结果显示:第一,我国商业银行金融创新在经济上行时期会降低系统性风险,在经济下行时期会增加系统性风险;第二,按照不同类型商业银行金融创新来看,在经济下行时期,商业银行衍生金融负债业务、理财及代理业务创新会增加系统性风险,而衍生金融资产业务和信贷业务创新会降低系统性风险。本文对实证结果提供了可能的经济学解释,并基于实证结果及原因,进一步提出了相应的监管措施和政策建议。     

住房投资与家庭创业:促进还是挤出?--基于CFPS面板数据的实证分析

本文基于房价持续增长的现实背景,利用中国家庭追踪调查数据,以家庭住房数量为核心检验住房投资对城镇家庭创业选择的影响及作用机制。研究发现,相比无房家庭,自有住房家庭的创业概率并未显著提高;当家庭有多套住房时,才能显著提高创业概率。同时,对仅有一套住房的家庭,住房价值对家庭创业没有显著影响。但对有多套住房家庭而言,住房价值能显著提高创业概率。本文发现住房投资尽管能够通过缓解信贷约束、增加风险偏好等机制促进创业,但也会对创业产生显著的挤出效应。只有在政府坚持住房去金融化和"房住不炒"的调控政策下,住房投资对家庭创业的促进作用才能逐步占据主导。     

Heterogeneous Background Risks and Portfolio Choice: Evidence from Micro‐level Data

We construct a set of household‐level background risk variables to capture the covariance structure of three nonfinancial assets and two financial assets. These risks are in general statistically significant and economically important for a household's stock market participation and stockholdings. A one‐standard‐deviation increase in background risks reduces the participation probability by 11% and the stockholdings‐to‐wealth ratio by 4%. The volatilities of labor income, housing value, and business income reduce a household's participation and stockholdings. A household with labor income highly correlated with stock (bond) returns is less (more) likely to invest in stock.     

Consumer trust and confidence in the compliance of Islamic banks

Islamic banks compete with traditional (non-Islamic) banks for customers. This article aims to provide insight into why some Muslims choose to bank with Islamic banks in Pakistan, while others do not. Specifically, it addresses the questions: to what extent are trust and confidence active influencers in the decision-making process, are they differentiated or are they one of the same? Also how does the Pakistani collective cultural context further complicate the application of these concepts? For the purposes of this article trust refers to people and their interpersonal or social relations whereas confidence concerns institutions such as banks. Drawing on interviews with Muslim consumers in Pakistan, this study provides further insight into consumer behaviour within financial services and specifically Islamic banking and contributes to our theoretical understanding of the concepts of trust and confidence.     

A SENIOR MANAGER'S GUIDE TO INTEGRATED RISK MANAGEMENT

This paper provides an overview of corporate risk management for senior managers. The author discusses the integrated risk management framework, emphasizing that a company can implement its risk management objectives in three fundamental ways: modifying its operations, using targeted financial instruments, or adjusting its capital structure. "Integration" refers both to the aggregation of all risks faced by the firm into a net exposure and to the coordinated use of these three risk management techniques. The author provides a functional analysis of integrated risk management using a wide-ranging set of case illustrations to show how the risk management process influences, and is influenced by, a company's overall strategy and business activities. Based on such analysis, the article concludes by sketching a framework intended to help managers design a value-maximizing, enterprise-wide corporate risk management system.