标准化生产、最优知识产权保护和内生增长

本文在Acemoglu et al.(2010)的基础上建立了一个动态一般均衡模型,其中产品周期分为创新和标准化两个阶段——刚创新出来的产品只能由高技能劳动力生产,而将其标准化之后就可以由工资较低的低技能劳动力生产。尽管标准化之后生产成本更低,但也更易为竞争对手模仿。知识产权保护可以缓解企业在创新和标准化决策之间的困境。本文模型对内生增长理论和国际贸易理论提供了更新的研究方法,并得到结论:一、本文模型丰富了内生增长理论;二、本文从新的角度解释了为什么南方国家的知识产权保护要弱于北方国家;三、知识产权保护越弱越会伤害低技能工人的利益,加剧工资不平等。     

R&D subsidy,intellectual property rights protection,and North–South trade: How good is the TRIPS agreement?

This paper investigates the competition in technology and production between a firm in the North (developed country) and a firm in the South (developing country), and how such competition may be affected by the North’s subsidy on technology improvement and the South’s intellectual property rights (IPR) protection level. It is argued that allowing the North to choose the policy first could bring Pareto improvement. This paper also shows that requiring only the South to tighten its IPR protection (as required by the TRIPS agreement) without putting similar pressure on the North to provide more R&D hurts the South. A more rewarding outcome exists if both the IPR protection level and the technology subsidy rate are chosen optimally. We point out that maximizing world welfare does not consequently hurt the South, or require a tightening of IPR protection in the South.     

知识产权产业:高层次竞争的优势产业

知识产权产业是具备高层次竞争优势的产业。其产品交易能极大节约成本提高效益;弥补技术贸易的缺陷,造就永不枯竭的利润源头;知识产权产业可借助品牌知名度越做越强。因此世界列强千方百计抢占知识产权产业的制高点,获得经济竞争中的绝对优势。知识产权产业发展将引起世界新的分工,少数拥有知识产权绝对优势的国家成为"脑部"机构,主宰着世界经济的发展和利益分配;而绝大多数不具备知识产权优势的国家将沦为全球化大工厂的体力工人,以简单劳动形式获取微薄的价值补偿。     

试论知识产权侵权损害之惩罚性赔偿原则

知识产权客体的无形性以及其本身所蕴藏的巨大经济价值,它能给权利人带来巨大的经济利益,使其极易成为不法竞争者侵害的对象。随着市场竞争的日趋激烈,侵害他人的知识产权将成为不法竞争者谋取非法经济利益的主要手段,为了保护权利人,惩治侵权人,维护公平竞争的市场秩序,知识产权侵权损害赔偿法律制度应运而生,其中,侵权损害的赔偿原则问题是整个法律制度的核心问题,它直接关系到对权利人的保护力度。而知识产权侵权损害赔偿采用惩罚性赔偿原则大有必要。笔者在本文中仅就知识产权侵权损害的惩罚性赔偿原则加以论述。     

国际贸易中知识产权滥用的反垄断规制

知识经济时代的知识产权滥用现象日益普遍,将反垄断法引入规制知识产权滥用的法律体系之中有着重要的现实意义。本文对反垄断法规制知识产权滥用的正当性进行了初步的论证,提出了关于我国反垄断立法中对知识产权滥用进行法律规制时应明确的问题。     

中国知识产权制度建设的经济动因探究

知识产权制度是近代经济和科技发展的产物，在知识经济和全球化程度不断加深的今天，知识产权正逐渐成为影响经济发展的重要因素之一。通过对比近代中西方知识产权的历史进程，结合当今国内外知识产权方面的竞争情况，探究发展知识产权和构建知识产权制度的经济动因。     

关于我国构建知识产权文化之探讨

我国知识产权战略的建设实施需要构建知识产权文化。知识产权文化本质就是一种创造文化,一种发展文化,一种和谐文化。当前我国知识产权领域存在诸如发展不平衡,知识产权纠纷较多,公众知识产权意识不强,市场主体运用知识产权制度的能力不足,水平不高等不和谐之处。我国要大力加强知识产权文化建设,鼓励创造,提高知识产权创造、管理、运用和保护能力,推动知识产权事业又好又快发展。     

New Pills for Poor People? Empirical Evidence after GATT

The protection of pharmaceutical innovations is being dramatically extended as much of the developing world introduces patent protection for new drug products. This change in intellectual property rights may lead to more research on drugs to address developing country needs. We use new survey data from India, the results of interviews, and measures of research and development (R&D) constructed from a variety of statistical sources to determine trends in the allocation of research to products specific to developing country markets. There is some, although limited, evidence of an increase in the mid- to late 1980s which appears to have leveled off in the 1990s.The picture presented provides a “baseline” against which future patterns in research activity can be compared.     

产权交易信息披露研究:一个基于竞争市场的理论框架

从长远发展和国家规划看,产权交易市场的服务对象将由国有产权交易为主,向多种所有制产权交易转变,交易产品将扩展到物权、债权、股权和知识产权等。而我国目前产权交易信息披露主要是基于国有产权交易而规制的,具有显著的行政特点,这必将影响到我国产权交易市场的发展。基于此,本文构建了一个由产权交易信息披露理论研究的逻辑起点、产权交易信息披露理论研究的路径以及产权交易信息披露系统三个层次构成的理论框架,分析了基于竞争市场的信息披露的特点,并对现阶段产权交易信息发布、监督管理实践提出了看法。     

从ASML和Nikon专利诉讼案例看国产光刻设备知识产权建设

光刻设备是集成电路（IC）制造的核心设备，是高科技强国的战略性产品，也是当前国际科技竞争的主要战场和博弈焦点。目前，全球的高端光刻机市场已被荷兰ASML公司垄断，且其具备严密的全球知识产权布局。而光刻设备的国产替代作为市场后入者，知识产权建设起步晚，并不占据优势地位。通过对光刻领域两大国际巨头ASML和Nikon在各自产品发展过程中不同阶段发生的专利诉讼案例的全面分析，探究在集成电路（或半导体）这样的技术密集型产业领域，知识产权诉讼中国际行业巨头常用的策略和技巧，进而得到对国产光刻装备知识产权建设的重要启示。     

海峡两岸农产品贸易发展面临的主要问题

海峡两岸农产品贸易面临着政策性障碍、农产品检疫检验、农产品知识产权保护、两岸农产品市场竞争与走私等问题,影响了两岸农产品正常贸易秩序与发展。因此,与农产品贸易相关的经济合作协议重在落实。     

Globalization drives strategic product switching

Using firm-level panel data for Estonia, we analyse the impact of international competition on firm dynamics, considering both firm closedown and product switches. We contribute to the literature in two important ways: first, this is the first paper to study the determinants of exit and product switching in an emerging market; and second, we consider explicitly the role of export opportunities. Our results indicate that globalization does not affect firm exit significantly but it is an important factor explaining why firms choose a different core product. Previous studies on industrial countries have shown that product switching has been a defensive strategy against low-cost imports. In contrast, our results suggest that Estonian firms change their core products as an offensive strategy to take advantage of the export opportunities created by a globalized economy.     

论中国知识产权制度对高新技术企业的激励机制研究

在当今国际竞争中,我国高新技术企业只有不断进行科技创新,拥有自主知识产权的核心技术,才能在国际竞争中立于优势地位。知识产权制度在高新技术企业科技创新中起着重要的激励作用,但是由于我国知识产权制度本身的不完善以及高新技术企业内部知识产权激励机制的不健全使得中国知识产权制度的激励功能没有能够充分发挥出来。因此,我国应该充分发挥知识产权制度的激励作用,建立一个协调统一的高新技术企业知识产权激励机制。     

Do excessive wage increases raise imports?: Theory and evidence

This paper uses a model of trade in vertically differentiated products to examine the effects of “excessive wage” increases (i.e. above productivity) on the volume of commodity imports. The model predicts that if the domestic country has comparative advantage in producing high quality varieties of some products, then “excessive wage” increases may result in a decrease in the volume of imports for these products. The empirical validity of the model's predictions is demonstrated with the use of disaggregated Japanese import data for the period 1967–1995. We also find that the aggregate volume of Japanese imports is not responsive to “excessive wage” changes.     

陕西高校知识产权人才培养模式研究

造就高素质知识产权人才队伍是国家知识产权战略的重要内容,而知识产权专业人才的匮乏已经成为制约我国科技创新能力提高的关键因素之一。作为人才培养基地,高校是国家知识产权战略的重要参与者与实践者,但我国高校在知识产权人才培养方面还存在着不足之处。本文结合陕西省的实际情况,就目前陕西高校知识产权人才培养的现状及存在的问题进行了分析,并对构建陕西高校知识产权人才培养模式提出具体建议。     

Do regional trade agreements really boost trade? Evidence from agricultural products

We evaluate the impact on trade of regional trade agreements (RTAs) using a panel data approach at the detailed product level which exploits exports to third destinations and imports from third origins as benchmarks. This method is robust to both endogeneity and heterogeneity across agreements and across products, and allows differentiation between the impacts of tariff provisions and non-tariff provisions. The analysis covers agricultural and food products for 74 country pairs linked by an agreement entered into force during the period 1998–2009. Our estimate of the mean elasticity of substitution across imports at product level is slightly below four. Counterfactual simulations suggest that RTAs have increased partners’ bilateral agricultural and food exports by 30–40 % on average, with marked heterogeneity across agreements. Also, RTAs are found to increase the probability of exporting a given product to a partner country although this impact is small. Finally, we found non-tariff provisions have no measurable trade impact.     

高新技术产业出口贸易非零和博弈实现的路径分析

当今世界,国际贸易的竞争领域已从传统工业制成品转向以高新技术产品为主,高新技术产品出口竞争已成为国际贸易竞争的焦点。在这场出口贸易博弈中,如何实现共赢性的非零和性博弈,成为各国面临的重大课题。本文探讨了非零和博弈实现的路径:博弈方在贸易政策上实行合作,在产业技术上进行创新,在知识产权保护上达到最优。     

在TRIPs框架下知识产权保护对经济增长的影响

本文基于中间产品种类扩张的内生技术进步模型的框架,分析了知识产权保护制度的变化对经济增长的影响。文章认为:知识产权保护力度的变化对经济增长的影响取决于一国现阶段的技术水平与全球技术水平的距离,减小一国与全球技术水平差距可以提升该国知识产权保护力度的理想值。     

Trade Policy Versus Competition Policy: Substitutes or Complements?

This paper deals with the difference between trade policy and competition policy for domestic prices, wages, and employment when product and labour markets are imperfectly competitive. We show that in the presence of country-specific institutions like trade unions, trade policy and competition policy are no longer substitutes in disciplining product and labour market distortions. While both domestic entry and foreign imports affect domestic price-cost margins, they differ in their effectiveness and their impact on the domestic labour market. The results in this paper suggest that enforcement of competition policy without a sufficient degree of openness to imports is typically not a first-best outcome. While domestic entry increases union welfare, foreign imports reduce it. Competition policy in the presence of labour unions is insufficient to reduce labour market distortions, while international competition reduces both labour and product distortions.     

论知识经济时代与知识产权保护

知识产权通过产权制度的设计,能够激励知识的生产和技术的创新,有效促进和保障科技进步和经济发展,是知识经济发展最为重要的法律制度之一.随着知识经济的发展,我国知识产权保护也面临着一些新的问题,呈现出保护范围扩大,保护标准一致化、高标准化等特点.所以,加强知识产权保护必须成为我国一项重要的战略性政策.