多准则多目标供应商评价指标体系的分析与设计研究

供应商评价是一个多准则、多目标的复杂工程，必须有一套科学、全面的评价指标体系。本文针对目前供应商评价指标体系应用的局限性，在调查分析的基础上，通过归纳总结，构建了一套适用于各个企业的多准则、多目标供应商评价指标体系模型，建立了评价指标库。指标库的指标基本上涵盖了企业在评价供应商时用到的所有要素。这一新的供应商评价指标体系及其模型，有助于对供应商进行多准则、多目标的动态评价，选择最佳的供应商。     

谈政府采购中标供应商履约管理

合同履约是整个采购交易的中心环节，对中标供应商履约环节进行管理是提升政府采购工作效率、净化政府采购环境的一种有效手段。中标供应商管理目前成为政府采购履约管理的重要组成部分，本文通过讨论建立中标供应商管理制度的重要性，分析中标供应商在履约阶段不良行为的产生原因，着重从政府采购项目实际运作出发，借鉴国内外政府采购的成熟经验，对政府采购中标供应商不良行为的认定标准、表现形式以及信用评价提出可行的对策和建议，进而提升中标供应商的履约管理水平。     

政府采购“供应商家数”的计算方法与运饪

一、供应商在政府采购活动中的地位、作用及相关法律规定我国《政府采购法》第十四条规定，政府采购当事人是指在政府采购活动中享有权利和承担义务的各类主体，包括采购人、供应商和采购代理机构等。第四十六条规定，采购人与中标、成交供应商应当按照采购文件确定的事项签订政府采购合同。第五十条规定，政府采购合同的双方当事人不得擅自变更、中止或者终止合同。     

试论政府采购供应商诚信指标体系的建立

供应商是政府采购产品和服务的提供者,政府采购需求能否得到充分满足,取决于供应商能否提供质优价廉的产品和服务。因此,建立完善政府采购供应商诚信指标体系是提升政府采购供应商职业道德水准、规范供应商行为、保障政府采购执行效果的必要手段。     

政府采购绩效评价的TOPSIS法

政府采购绩效评估是以采购项目的经济性、效益性为评价标准,对政府各部门在采购过程中所反映的业绩和效果进行评定。本文根据政府采购的特点,建立了政府采购绩效评价的指标体系,并利用TOPSIS法对4个供应商样本的政府采购绩效进行了综合评价。     

如何处理供应商质疑与投诉

案例：《政府采购法》第五章第46条＂采购人与中标、成交供应商应当在中标、成交通知书发出之日起三十日内,按照采购文件确定的事项签订政府采购合同。中标、成交通知书对采购人和中标、成交供应商均具有法律效力＂。在本市政府采购中心组织的一次电梯项目采购活动后，向中标供应商签发了中标通知书，但当中标供应商携带中标通知书和供货合同与采购单位签订时，采购人拒签，在多次与之协商、联系后，采购单位仍然拒签。     

供应链环境下基于AHP的供应商选择与评价

在供应链管理环境下,供应商选择的科学与否,直接关系到企业的生存与发展.供应商的评价准则从单一的成本准则转向以质量、服务、准时交货、柔性、信息等多准则方向发展,供应商决策模型也从单一的买方库存成本模型转向买卖双方相互协调模型;客户与供应商的关系由敌对状态转变为友好协作的"战略伙伴"关系.     

政府采购促进中小企业发展的现状及政策建议

《政府采购法》第九条明确指出“政府采购应当有助于实现国家的经济和社会发展政策目标,包括保护环境,扶持不发达地区和少数民族地区,促进中小企业发展”。但我国政府采购扶持企业发展的效果并不显著。分析我国中小企业参与政府采购的现状,学习和借鉴发达国家利用政府采购促进中小企业发展的作法,健全我国政府采购法律法规,及时发布采购信息,建立国家级的中小企业参与政府采购的数据收集系统,完善供应商资质谁体系,有利于促进我国中小企业的发展。     

供应商库建设在非招标采购中具有重要的意义

本文指出,供应商库的建设对于非招标采购具有重要的意义,省级以上财政部门应当尽快按照《政府采购非招标采购方式管理办法》的要求建立供应商库。《政府采购非招标采购方式管理办法》（财政部令第74号）发布了,其中首次在全国范围对供应商库的建设提出了可执行要求（虽然财政部在《全国政府采购管理交易系统建设总体规划》中对供应商库的建设也提出了要求,但该＂规划＂不具有强制执行力,只是一种规划）。供应商库建设在非招标采购中具有重要的意义。     

构建规范的政府采购监控机制

文章从系统科学角度对政府采购监控机制进行了定义，强调了建立规范的政府采购监控机制的必要性。选择了有效的监控模式，并从采购主体和供应商两个角度对政府采购监控机制进行了规范构建。     

Exploring the circular economy paradigm: A natural resource-based view on supplier selection criteria

The paradigm of circular economy and the transfer of its principles to supply chain management has recently received much attention from researchers and practitioners. Limited natural resources, governmental legislation, and social responsibility for environmental preservation are the main factors for the development of circular supply chains. Especially in the automotive industry, critical materials are used to produce electric vehicles, reinforcing the importance of circularity for the industry. As the first stage of the supply chain, suppliers have a considerable influence on creating self-sufficient production systems, and in the automotive sector, a low level of vertical integration is important. Therefore, selecting suppliers is an enabler for circular supply chains, but this decision is a complex process due to multiple, partly conflicting criteria. To contribute to the knowledge in this research area, this study applies a fuzzy decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory approach for supplier selection in a circular supply chain in a case study of electric vehicles. First, a set of criteria for supplier selection in circular supply chains was identified based on a literature review and was systematically categorized based on the natural resource-based view. Afterward, the criteria were assessed and refined by experts with a strong procurement background in the automotive industry. Second, the experts were interviewed for value collection, and finally, the mutual influence of the criteria was determined. The results show that the most important criteria for circular supplier selection in electric vehicle supply chains are environmental standards, environmental-related certifications, resource consumption, and waste generation. Regarding the natural resource-based view, short-term focused criteria addressing the capability of pollution prevention have a higher importance compared to long-term criteria that drive sustainable development. In addition, this study classifies the criteria into the categories of causes and effects, discusses the prominence of the criteria, and presents a strategic map showing the mutual influences of the criteria. The results contribute to the theoretical and practical discussion on circular supply chains by identifying the key criteria for circular supplier selection and providing decision-making support for procurement managers.     

绿色采购中供应商激励机制的设计探析

应用博弈理论对绿色采购中的供应商激励机制进行了设计,指出采购者应当考虑实际情况,给予供应商适当奖励;并且采购者在考虑奖励机制时,必须让供应商分担部分风险,即建立起与供应商合作的同盟关系。     

信用担保对中小企业参与政府订购计划的影响——基于信息经济学视角

政府与中小企业之间的信息不对称导致政府订购计划对中小企业发展的扶持作用无法发挥.基于信息经济学理论,对不同信息结构下中小企业参与政府订购计划的反应进行分析,发现担保机构的介入使采购人与供应商之间的信息结构发生了根本性的转变,订购计划的风险转移至担保机构,信息结构的改变也使供应商收益和采购人效用得到了提升.可见,政府采购信用担保的引入对于中小企业参与政府订购计划具有良性影响.     

The pandemic and SME supply chains: Learning from early experiences of SME suppliers in the U.S. defense industry

While the COVID-19 pandemic has been disrupting supply chains in an unprecedented fashion, one type of firms that has been particularly affected are small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). We focus on these SMEs, specifically on SME suppliers to the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), and investigate the impact that the pandemic has had on these suppliers, as well as the effectiveness of various government procurement efforts to alleviate the challenges. In doing so, we rely on survey data collected by the National Defense Industry Association (NDIA) during the early stages of the pandemic in March and April 2020 to assess initial government responses and SME supplier receptions. To derive more granular insight, we scrutinize the results across firm size, dependence on the DoD, whether the SME is a first-tier supplier or not, and industry. Through this investigation, we for instance find that the weakest suppliers are the very small SMEs (1–49 employees), and that most government measures were judged to not be that effective—at least in these early stages of the pandemic. Overall, our study leverages insight from one of the few large-scale surveys conducted on the impact of the pandemic on SME suppliers and their relationship with government agencies in the very early phases of the pandemic.     

Structural model for analysis of key performance indicators for sustainable manufacturer–supplier collaboration: A grey-decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory-based approach

With growing competition in the market and dire need for sustainability, it has become imperative for companies to build long-term relationship with their supply chain partners through sustainable collaboration. Among these, the supplier–manufacturer relationship is crucial for improved organizational, business and sustainable performance. Sustainable collaboration with suppliers involves crucial decision-making processes such as continuous supplier monitoring and supplier development. Hence, a critical challenge that a company faces is to identify the key performance indicators (KPIs) for assessing the performance of a supplier for sustainable collaboration. In this regard, this study focuses on identification of KPIs for an Indian home appliance company through exhaustive discussions involving multiple decision-makers. Further, a grey-based decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) model is proposed in the study for analysing the importance levels among the fifteen KPIs based on multiple stakeholder perspectives. The results of the grey structural model indicate seven KPIs as influencing KPIs and eight KPIs as influenced KPIs. The KPI ‘Information disclosure’ has been identified as the most influential KPI for the evaluation of suppliers for sustainable collaboration. The implications drawn from the result analysis model can provide meaningful insights to managers for identifying strategies towards strengthening the supplier–manufacturer relationship and achieving organizational and market competence.     

完善我国政府采购制度的对策

我国《政府采购法》实施以来,政府采购规模不断扩大。为了使我国政府采购更加健康有序地发展,建议通过制定政府采购配套法律法规、扩大政府采购规模和主体范围、规范政府采购程序和采购方式、建立供应商诚信机制、完善监督管理机制等进一步完善政府采购制度。     

Addressing the sustainable development through sustainable procurement: What factors resist the implementation of sustainable procurement in Pakistan?

Sustainable Public Procurement is an integral part of sustainable development because of ever increasing government expenditures. Most of the developing countries lack the required infrastructure which may support public sector sustainability. The aim of this study is to assess the critical factors which resist the implementation of sustainable procurement in public sector of Pakistan. We used Interpretive Structural Model to investigate and rank the interrelationships among different factors of sustainable procurement. With the help of literature and Likert scale instrument, we found twelve key barriers that resist sustainable procurement implementation. We also examined tender documents of 75 different public sector universities of Pakistan but found absence of sustainability element in the documents. External factors namely government legislation and stakeholders' pressure are found most critical barriers as compared to inter organizational factors. The study is also important to highlight the hurdles in the way of sustainable development. First, the government must introduce rules and regulations to implement the sustainable procurement. Stakeholders and donors must put pressure on organizations for adopting sustainable procurement. Sustainability education should be made mandatory part of curriculum and employees should be given regular training on sustainability. Further, public procurement policies at government and institutional levels are required to be revisited towards a circular economy.     

Global supplier selection using fuzzy analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy goal programming

Global supplier selection is a multi-goal multi-criteria problem which needs to consider both qualitative and quantitative factors. Which suppliers are the best and how much should be purchased from the selected suppliers is an important purchasing issue for manufacturers. Traditionally, decision makers can determine the best supplier from evaluating few suppliers with qualitative supplier selection criteria by using fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP), but evaluate dozens of global suppliers simultaneously or determine the order quantity from them will be complex and difficult. Meanwhile, decision makers can determine the order quantity form the suitable suppliers by using fuzzy goal programming (FGP); however, it is not easy to decide weights for each goal of global supplier selection with different supply chain strategies. This study integrated the FAHP and FGP (FAHP-FGP) method to be a new approach for global supplier selection in considering the manufacturer’s supply chain strategies. With FAHP-FGP method, the manufacturer can consistently integrate multi-manager’ opinions in determining weights of each goal and obtain the order quantities for suitable suppliers based on manufacturer’s strategies. To demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed method, a real-world case of a digital consumer products manufacturer is presented.     

Using Subjective Risk Adjusting to Prevent Patient Dumping in the Health Care Industry

We examine how to procure health care services at minimum cost while preventing suppliers from refusing to care for high-cost patients. A single risk-adjusted prospective payment is optimal only when it is particularly costly for the supplier to discover likely treatment costs. Cost sharing is optimal when these screening costs are somewhat smaller. When screening costs are sufficiently small, screening is optimally accommodated and subjective risk adjusting is implemented. Under subjective risk adjusting, the supplier classifies patients according to his personal assessment of likely treatment costs, and payments are structured accordingly. Optimal procurement policies are contrasted with prevailing industry policies.     

基于主成分分析法的供应商评价与选择研究

构建了供应商的综合评价指标体系,并将主成分分析法应用到供应商的选择当中,建立了供应商评价选择的主成分综合评价模型,以实现全面、客观和科学地对供应商的综合实力进行评价选择。最后通过算例分析,证明该方法是可行的。