浅析农产品贸易在农业产业发展中的作用——以辽宁省农产品贸易工作为例

<正>一、农产品贸易国际化给农业产业带来的影响(一)正面影响一是对外贸易依存度在不断提高。当今发达国家农业的外贸依存度都很高。美国加拿大澳大利亚农业资源丰富,农业竞争力强,对国际市场依赖大;日本瑞士农业资源匮乏,农业竞争力弱,对国际资源依赖大;荷兰由于农业资源相对单一,专业化程度和加工程度高,对进口和出口的依赖都很大。我国的外贸依存度从改革开放初期到现在提高到20%以上,对大豆、玉米、小麦等土地密集型农产品进口依赖更     

农产品外贸依存度的国际比较及政府行为分析

随着我国加入WTO，以及经济全球化的进一步推进，我国的外贸依存度正处于一个迅速上升的时期。统计表明，从1978年起，美国、日本、德国等国的外贸依存度大体稳定在14．0％-200％的范围内。同一时期，中国外贸总额却连创新高。外贸依存度从1978年的9.8％一路走升，2004年高达70.0％，远远高于发达国家和发展中国家的水平，这引起了众多专家和学者的关注和担忧，     

对我国贸易依存度的再认识

入世后,我国对外贸易取得了迅猛的发展,与此同时,我国的外贸依存度也节节攀升。本文在分析近年来我国外贸依存度现状的基础上,重点剖析外贸依存度升高背后所潜在的问题,并就此对我国今后外贸工作提出几点建议。     

我国外贸依存度浅析

改革开放后,我国对外贸易发展迅速,尤其在加入世贸组织之后,我国外贸更是迎来了迅猛发展的阶段。而在此期间,我国的外贸依存度也节节攀升。本文在分析我国对外贸易依存度现状与对我国经济的影响基础上,重点剖析外贸依存度提高的原因,并提出如何合理调控外贸依存度。     

从外贸依存度看中国外贸面临的结构风险

从改革开放到现在,我国的对外贸易一直都呈现出增长的态势。相关数据显示,在2011年的时候,我国的对外贸易总额已经达到了36 420.6亿美元,我国已经变成了世界上仅次于美国的第二大对外贸易国家。如果我国对外贸易一直这样发展下去,那么我国的外贸依存度就会在很大程度上与正常水平相偏离。因为外贸依存度和我国的外贸结构是具有必然的联系的,因此,较高的外贸依存度可以有效的反映出外贸结构中存在风险。     

“内需为主”是长期方针

据《经济参考报》消息：著名经济学家刘国光认为，今后一段时期，国际经济环境仍存在着较大的不确定性，从长期看，由于中国具有１２亿多人口，是一个发展中的大国，坚持以内需为主无疑是正确的选择。在人口众多，内需为主的大国，外贸依存度一般不会过高，但我国外贸依存度为４４％左右，高于美、日等许多经济大国一倍多（美国为２０．７％，日本为２０．１％）。为适应我国这样一个人口特多、国内市场潜力特大的大国特点，实现以内需为主的长期方针，减缓国际经济波动所给予我国的影响，有必要慎重考虑适当调整我国需求结构中的国内需求与…     

提高外贸依存度 加快垦区经济发展

出口是拉动经济发展的一个重要动力源。作为区域经济的黑龙江垦区，其广义“出口”概念有国内国际两个市场。目前，国内市场是垦区农产品的主销市场，但利润空间日渐萎缩。如何加快国际市场的开发，扩大垦区具有比较优势的农产品出口，对加快垦区产业结构调整，增加职工收入，拉动垦区经济快速发展，增强国内外市场竞争力，无疑具有重要的战略意义。因此，应该深入研究提高外贸依存度、拉动垦区经济发展的基本思路。一、黑龙江垦区对外贸易现状分析黑龙江垦区进出口总额1995年曾达到1.13亿美元，到1999年下滑到5671万美元，2000年开始出现了…     

供应链系统下外贸农产品物流管理研究

经济全球化进程中,国际农产品市场的竞争日益激烈,为增强我国外贸农产品竞争力,应从整个供应链系统出发,综合考虑各环节、各要素之间的关系。物流链是供应链系统的一个重要构成部分,加强外贸农产品物流管理有助于协调各企业之间的利益,通过建立标准化的物流管理体系,降低农产品物流成本,确保农产品质量,进而形成外贸农产品的核心竞争力。     

安徽城镇居民消费结构分析

我国内需相对不足，经济发展的外贸依存度逐年攀高。对消费结构进行研究，有利于促进消费结构优化、扩大内需，具有现实意义。本文试探讨安徽城镇居民消费结构状况。     

我国食物对外依存度现状与供应保障路径研究

入世以来,我国食物生产并未因进口冲击而出现下滑,呈全面增长态势。与此同时,我国各类食物净进口量不断增长,部分食物对外依存度不断提高。从土地密集型食物看,谷物对外依存度总体控制在10%以内,三大主粮仍以国内供应为主;油脂油料和食糖对外依存度明显提高,特别是大豆和植物油供应高度依赖国际市场。从劳动密集型食物看,肉类对外依存度总体低于10%,但牛肉对外依存度较高;奶产品对外依存度总体不足7%,但奶粉、奶油和奶酪高度依赖进口;水果、蛋、蔬菜和水产品基本完全自给。产需缺口、国内外价差以及食物政策是我国食物对外依存度提高的主要驱动因素。未来食物供应保障要采取立足国内为主、国外为辅,更加积极地利用国际农产品市场和农业资源有效调剂和补充国内食物供给,更好地满足人民群众对美好生活的需求。     

农地整理对农地流转的影响探讨

农地流转是我国农村经济发展的必然选择,也是农村土地制度改革的方向;农地整理作为提高土地质量、补充耕地数量的途径之一,已经成为土地管理工作中十分重要的内容;对农地流转和农地整理进行了分析。并从土地集中程度、土地利用的经济效益、土地利用的成本和土地流转规模等方面探讨了农地整理对农地流转的影响。     

利用农产品期货市场破解订单农业发展难题

我国的订单农业一直难以得到有效的发展,其中一个很直接的原因是由于履约率低,而导致履约率低的原因又主要是订单农业中的价格风险问题,而利用农产品期货市场可以为订单农业的经营主体提供一个风险规避机制和有效的价格信息。而要利用农产品期货市场发展订单农业就必须对我国目前的农产品期货市场加以完善。     

The agricultural policy trilemma: On the wicked nature of agricultural policy making

Agricultural policy has been seen as exceptional, compartmentalized and complex. Consequently, policy making in agriculture has been portrayed as particularly difficult – sometimes as an example of a ‘wicked problem’. In this paper I argue that agricultural policy is more than ‘just’ a complex and wicked problem. It tends to be inbuilt contradictions in the form of trilemmas in agricultural policymaking, which imply that some combinations of core goals are impossible to reach. In this article I develop and illustrate the concept of an agricultural policy trilemma with Norway as a case – a plausibility probe. I argue that the concept of a trilemma may be a useful analytical tool in analysing policy and shifting policy priorities. I describe the development, and workings, of the trilemma from the 1970′s to the beginning of the corona crisis in 2020.     

A scale invariant model for the expansion of agricultural land and government spending on the agricultural sector

The expansion dynamics of the agricultural surface is a complex process, since it requires decisions among different actors under a multitude of socioeconomic and natural conditions, expectations, and risks. This paper shows that despite this complexity, and at odds with the intuition, the density of agricultural lands and the government spending to foster agriculture around a human settlement displays a simple power-law relationship regarding the distance to such a settlement. The theoretical proof of this relationship is based on theoretical and empirical findings made by several authors on the expansion of population centers, river networks, species and ecosystem’s distribution. The empirical proof is made by fitting a simple power-law model having as response variables: density of agricultural land; government spending coverage, and government spending per unit of agricultural surface, while the distance to the centroid settlement is used as independent variable. Results show that the scaling exponents of the power-law relationship estimated from those models, with data from rural settlements in Mexico, are similar statistically to the expected values from theoretical models for the three expansion processes tested. Three applications of the scale-invariant attribute characterizing the expansion process of agricultural lands are presented:

• i)monitoring agricultural activities at the territories;
• ii)a proxy to estimate the expected growth of the agricultural surface; and
• iii)a typology to characterize government assistance at local level.

     

Chile's agricultural diversification

Chile's fruit sector, both in production and exports, has grown significantly since 1974. At that time, Chile introduced structural reforms in its economy which assured that market principles would operate regarding land ownership. Also, the government began a ‘hands-off’ policy which basically allowed free-market principles to prevail. As a result of these conditions operating in the economy, Chile's agricultural sector diversified from producing largely annual crops and wool to also producing a significant amount of commercial fruit crops. A second round of diversification is currently underway within the fruit industry where pears and peaches are being produced and exported in addition to apples and table grapes. In this paper we derive decision criteria when aggregate performance is evaluated from the perspective of maximizing a risk-averse utility function. Empirical evidence on Chilean fruit exports indicates that, on an aggregate level, Chilean fruit exporters are following the path of utility maximization and validates the sequence by which Chilean producers introduced nontraditional crops over time. While on an individual level there may be complex factors and constraints involved in the planting decisions, the results of this study seem to indicate that the sum of producer behavior satisfies the conditions required for maximizing a risk-averse utility function.     

On the economics of agricultural production*

Agriculture is in the business of using ecosystem services to produce food. Examining how agro‐ecosystems function provides useful insights into the economics of agriculture. Of special interest are the presence and nature of scale effects, complementarity effects and convexity effects in ecosystem functioning. Implications for agricultural productivity and the economics of agriculture are evaluated. At the farm level, this helps to better understand the current trend toward greater specialisation. Current challenges for agricultural contracts, markets and policy are explored.     

Rural school access and the agricultural transformation

Improving children's access to primary and secondary education is a strategic goal for many global development agencies and government policymakers. Nevertheless, there is relatively little research examining how changes in rural school supply affect future labor markets. We leverage variation in the timing and location of secondary school construction in Southern Mexico to identify the effects of school supply on labor outcomes. We find that school construction increases expected education for school-aged children by about 4 years and raises the share of years working in the nonagricultural sector between the ages of 18–22 by 29.8 percentage points. The magnitude of the effects on share of years doing nonagricultural work is smaller for individuals from homes where an indigenous language is spoken. Our findings indicate that rural school construction in less-developed countries can accelerate the transformation from agricultural to nonagricultural economies, but there may be heterogeneous effects across socioeconomic groups and ethnicities.     

Subsidies and agricultural productivity in the EU

This paper investigates the relationship between EU agricultural subsidies and agricultural labor productivity growth by estimating a conditional convergence growth model. We use more representative subsidy indicators and a wider coverage (panel data from 213 EU regions over the period 2004–2014) than have been used before. We find that, on average, EU's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) subsidies increase agricultural labor productivity growth, but this aggregate effect hides important heterogeneity of effects of different types of subsidies. The positive effect on productivity comes from decoupled subsidies, that is, Pillar I decoupled payments and some Pillar II payments. Coupled Pillar I subsidies have the opposite effect: they slow down productivity growth.     

Women farmers’ participation in the agricultural research process: implications for agricultural sustainability in Ethiopia

Empowering women farmers to participate in agricultural research is a key strategy for sustainable agricultural development. Women empowerment has the potential to improve their roles in agricultural production while enhancing nutrition and food security. Although new agricultural development policies are focusing on improving women engagement in agriculture, there is limited literature on women empowerment in relation to agricultural research. This study used mixed methods to analyse women farmers’ participation in four stages of the agricultural research process – design, testing, dissemination, monitoring and evaluation. Two hundred and thirty individual interviews with women farmers and 16 focus group discussions with men and women farmers were conducted in four Woredas (districts) of Ethiopia. Quantitative data were analysed using binary and multivariate probit models. Qualitative data were analysed using line-by-line coding. The results showed that several empowerment indicator variables significantly (p?≤?.001) influenced women’s participation in different stages of agricultural research. Specifically, input in production decisions, autonomy in plot management, membership to farmer groups, and ability to speak in public enhanced women’s participation in different stages, in addition to access to information and extension services, education and land size. Cultural norms hindered women’s empowerment and engagement in research. To foster sustainable agriculture development, it’s important to integrate holistic and proactive gender perspectives into research strategies to increase women’s participation in farmer research groups, access information and knowledge, have voice and challenge constraining cultural norms and traditions.