移民搬迁农户的贫困类型及影响因素分析——基于陕南安康的抽样调查

研究陕南移民搬迁农户的贫困类型和成因有利于建立精准的扶贫工作机制。本文基于2011年陕南安康市的农户抽样调查数据,运用多分类Logistic模型实证分析了移民搬迁农户贫困类型的影响因素。通过综合考虑收入和消费标准,可以将移民搬迁农户分为选择性贫困、暂时性贫困和持久性贫困三种类型。收入高于贫困线而消费比贫困线低的农户所占比例为28.57%,这种贫困类型属于选择性贫困。实证分析的结果发现,自愿搬迁和集中安置对农户摆脱持久性贫困有显著帮助,而2011年的搬迁农户更容易走出选择性贫困陷阱。此外,农户的家庭和社区特征以及生计类型对他们是否陷入贫困有显著影响。     

贫困标准及全球贫困状况

贫困标准是用于测量和识别贫困人口的重要工具。收入贫困一直是全球使用最为广泛的贫困标准。以收入标准定义的贫困线,一般包括满足家庭基本需要的食物和非食物货币支出。世界银行用世界上最不发达国家的收入贫困线定义了世界贫困标准。收入是实现脱贫的重要工具,是衡量贫困的重要代理变量,但并不能全面反映真实的贫困状况。人类发展指数旨在弥补收入标准的不足。虽然人类发展指数对收入标准作了重要补充,但仍不足以反映人的基本可行能力被剥夺情况。为此,基于阿玛蒂亚·森的能力方法理论,Alkire和Foster构建了多维贫困指数,以更加全面地反映贫困人口的多维度被剥夺情况。《2010年人类发展报告》首次公布了全球104个国家和地区的多维贫困状况。多维贫困指数包括了反映环境贫困和资产贫困的重要指标。收入标准、人类发展指数和多维贫困指数三种方法,对加强我国贫困监测,实施《中国农村扶贫开发纲要(2011～2020年)》具有重要参考价值。     

中国农村长期贫困程度、特征与影响因素

基于2002年的中国家庭收入项目（CHIP）调查数据,考察了中国农村的长期贫困与暂时性贫困。研究发现：中国农村更多呈现出暂时性消费贫困的特征,并且贫困家庭脱贫后进入高收入阶层的机会较小;离贫困线越远,其脱贫能力越低,离贫困线越近,其返贫的比例越高。远离区域经济中心、家庭负担较重、小孩老人较多的家庭容易陷入长期贫困。村支书的年轻化对于中下层贫困阶层摆脱长期贫困具有重要意义。社会政治资本、劳动力素质和居住条件是影响中等贫困家庭脱离长期贫困的重要因素。     

公共转移支付减少了贫困脆弱性吗?

本文利用两轮微观调查面板数据实证检验中国公共转移支付对家庭贫困脆弱性的影响。首先基于期望贫困的脆弱性理论计算出脆弱性,然后使用纠正选择性偏误的倾向值匹配得分倍差方法来检验公共转移支付的效应。结果显示,尽管贫困发生率呈现下降态势,但城乡家庭遭受贫困脆弱性的比例不容忽视;随着贫困线标准的提高,贫困发生率与脆弱性之间的差异越来越小;教育程度、家庭规模、就业状态、工作性质及地区变量同时同方向地影响到贫困及脆弱性;无论贫困线划在何处,公共转移支付对慢性贫困和暂时性贫困的脆弱性没有任何影响。     

基于模糊集方法的贫困识别模型构建

目前我国对贫困进行区别的方法主要采用的是贫困线,低于该线即被划分为贫困人口,能够享受国家的众多扶贫资金,但是对于贫困线上的"边缘群体"来说,生活仍然很贫困,却由于收入高于贫困线一点而与国家扶贫政策无缘。面对这种"一刀切"的不足,文章采用模糊集方法构建了一个多维模糊贫困指数来对贫困人口进行有效识别并确定其贫困程度,将贫困人口分为高度贫困、中度贫困和轻度贫困三个层次,以便根据其不同的贫困程度采用不同的扶贫力度。     

新世纪福建农村贫困的界定

贫困界定事关扶贫大局,对贫困人口数量、分布以及扶贫规划的制定与实施均可产生重大影响。因此,有必要根据现阶段农村扶贫工作的需要和物价、食品结构等客观实际情况的变化,研究、测算、确定福建新世纪,特别是2000年基期的农村贫困标准。 一、贫困界定原则 1、以原有农村贫困标准为基础。原有农村贫困标准是根据低收入人口的基本生活需求计算的,它包括两部分:一部分是满足最低营养标准的基本食品需求,即食物贫困线;另一部分是最低限度的衣着、住房、交通、医疗及其他社会服务的非食品消费需     

经济增长与农村反贫困

本文利用中国家庭收入项目（CHIP）调查数据,估计了1988—2002年期间的中国农村绝对贫困、收入差距的变化趋势及收入增长和收入分配变化对农村贫困的影响。根据CHIP调查数据所绘制的贫困发生曲线表明,不论把绝对贫困线确定在哪里,在该时期内中国农村贫困都在显著下降。贫困指数分解和面板数据回归结果均显示收入增长是导致贫困下降的主要原因。     

经济增长与农村反贫困

本文利用中国家庭收入项目(CHIP)调查数据,估计了1988-2002年期间的中国农村绝对贫困、收入差距的变化趋势及收入增长和收入分配变化对农村贫困的影响.根据CHIP调查数据所绘制的贫困发生曲线表明,不论把绝对贫困线确定在哪里,在该时期内中国农村贫困都在显著下降.贫困指数分解和面板数据回归结果均显示收入增长是导致贫困下降的主要原因.     

中国东西部地区城市贫困问题对比研究——以广州市和兰州市为例

不论是东部发达地区还是西部欠发达地区,城市贫困居民在收入、消费、住房、教育和医疗等各方面都表现出与平均水平的明显差距.经济发展水平越高的地区,城市居民收入差距越大,城市贫困居民入不敷出的经济窘境较之欠发达地区表现得更为突出,相对贫困也表现得更为严重,城市主观贫困线和实际救助线也越高.     

1996—2008年中国县级市减贫效应分解与空间差异分析

提出经济增长、收入分配与贫困线移动三因素减贫效应的分解方法,运用贫困增长曲线,分析1996—2008年中国四大区域县级市的经济增长模式、贫困水平和影响贫困三因素的减贫作用,并进行空间差异分析。实证结果表明:①西部地区的经济属于减贫增长,其他三大区域的经济属于涓滴式增长;②东北和东部的贫困状况普遍好于中西部地区;③经济增长始终起着减少贫困的作用,收入分配差距恶化起着增加贫困的作用,而分配差距改善可起到减贫作用;④使用变动的贫困线有助于独立分析经济增长和收入分配的减贫作用。     

Three Poverties in Urban China

Radical economic reform and rapid marketization in the late 1990s could be expected to create new poverty and insecurity in Chinese cities. Accordingly, the extent and nature of poverty in urban China is examined by means of a 1999 cross‐section household survey. Three types of poverty—“income and consumption”, “income not consumption” and “consumption not income”—are distinguished. A large proportion of the poor have income above, but consumption below, the poverty line. The estimated consumption function shows the importance of consumption smoothing, of precautionary considerations, of saving for investment opportunities, and of special needs related to the presence of children or sickness. An exercise is conducted to compare the three types of poverty by decomposing the divergence in the consumption of each poverty group from its benchmark consumption. Unpredicted financial assets and income, and differences in special needs, are important in contrasting and explaining the three poverties.     

“When Life Gives You Lemons”: Using Cross-Sectional Surveys to Identify Chronic Poverty in the Absence of Panel Data

At the core of poverty eradication is the need to eliminate that poverty that is persistent over time (chronic poverty). Unfortunately, traditional approaches to identifying chronic poverty require longitudinal data that is rarely available. In its absence, this paper proposes an alternative approach that only requires 1 year of cross-sectional data on monetary and non-monetary poverty. It puts forth two conjectures and contends that the combined profile of a household as both income poor and multidimensionally poor can be used as a proxy of that household being chronically income poor. To explore the viability of this approach, we use a probit model and longitudinal data for three Latin American countries to estimate households’ probabilities of remaining in income poverty based on their past income and multidimensional poverty statuses. We find empirical support for the approach that is significant, consistent across countries, and robust to various controls and periods of analysis.     

Is there a link between alcohol consumption and the level of poverty?

In many developing countries, in addition to household income, there are a number of other socio-economic determinants of poverty. One such hidden socio-economic factor is alcohol consumption and some studies argue that there is a link between alcohol consumption and poverty. The main aim of this study is to measure the effects of alcohol consumption on the level of poverty in a systematic way. Using Sri Lanka as a case study, this article demonstrates that the consumption of various types of alcoholic beverages, particularly, the illegal beverages, has a significant positive association with the level of poverty. The findings of this study suggest that, in Sri Lanka, the consumption of illegal alcoholic beverages increases the likelihood of being in a poor household by 2–3%. The results of this study also find that households who are characterized as nonpoor but are just above the poverty line behave more like the poor rather than the nonpoor in terms of alcohol consumption. Some of the conclusions from this Sri Lankan case study can be applied to other developing countries.     

Adding value through the mechanization of post-harvest cassava processing,and its impact on household poverty in north-eastern Zambia

This article investigates the impact of adopting a mechanized cassava processing system on household poverty levels in Zambia. An Foster, Greer and Thorbecke (FGT) poverty measure was used to compare poverty levels among households using a mechanized cassava processing system against those households using a nonmechanized process. Based on the FGT poverty measure’s specifications, a significantly lower poverty status of 49% was found among households using the mechanized process when compared to the 58% found among households using the nonmechanized process. The significant factors contributing to these differences in poverty levels include whether households are using a mechanized process or not, the number of years’ schooling among household members, the number of years’ farming experience, household income and membership of associations. The study concludes that the mechanization of cassava processing, particularly if done on the right scale, can transform primary production activities, in turn leading to higher incomes and reduced poverty levels in rural villages. Thus, policies should be introduced aimed at encouraging the promotion of mechanized post-harvest cassava processing technologies among rural households, so as to enhance crop productivity and household income levels, as well as reduce poverty among rural households.     

中国城镇家庭能源贫困评估*——基于微观调查数据的研究

我国扶贫工作重点已进入新阶段,从消除绝对贫困向缓解发展不平衡、不充分的相对贫困转变,从解决收入贫困向解决多维贫困转变,从重点解决农村贫困问题向统筹城乡扶贫转变。能源是人民生活质量的重要指标,能有效反映福利水平。了解我国城镇家庭能源消费的基本特征、准确测度能源贫困水平与分布,有助于为今后扶贫工作提供资料基础和科学管理依据。本文构建消费者能源消费决策分析框架,并运用第一次中国家庭能源消费调查数据,考察居民收入与能源消费之间的关系,并对中国城镇家庭能源贫困状况进行测度。研究发现,居民收入与能源消费之间存在S型非线性关系,能源价格、家庭特征、地域特征等因素在能源消费决策中都发挥重要影响。我国城镇家庭相对能源贫困较为严重,主要表现为能源可支付性问题。能源贫困率在20%左右,其中电力贫困程度更为严重,超过25%。家庭收入增长、户主受教育程度提高、城市电力基础设施的普及、城市环境规制水平的提升会显著降低城镇家庭陷入能源贫困的可能性,而电力价格上涨会显著增加城镇家庭陷入能源贫困的概率。     

Household poverty and inequality: the implication of migrants’ remittances in Nigeria

This article examines the nature of migrant remittances and the amount by which income poverty and inequality will be reduced given migrants’ remittances. We used the living standard survey (NLSS) data set produced by the government of Nigeria to help track poverty reduction progress. The unit of analysis was the household, upon which information on remittances was analysed. From the results, 94% of households received remittances through internal channels while less than 5% received them through international channels. Remittances alleviated poverty head count by 20% and helped to equalize household income inequality by 25%.     

Assessment of the effects of targeted poverty alleviation policy on differently poverty-stricken households: A multi-propensity score weighting model

Eliminating poverty is a multifaceted global challenge and a focal point of global development governance. With the implementation of targeted poverty alleviation (TPA), China's poverty alleviation efforts have had significant achievements. This study provides a new perspective by classifying poverty-stricken households based on poverty root causes at the household level, a multi-propensity score weighting model based on counterfactual inference is employed to examine the poverty reduction effect and policy precision on six non-equivalent poverty-stricken household groups in a Chinese county. The results reveal that the poverty reduction effects differed among poverty-stricken households with different root causes of poverty. Specifically, households impoverished due to disability have the lowest income of the six groups. The assistance policy effects also vary significantly and are found to be poorly suited to poverty-stricken households a lack of labor force and funds. A robustness test confirms this conclusion and a more nuanced analysis reveals that these differences are reflected in the wage and transfer incomes. Therefore, to ensure the stability of poverty reduction and the sustainability of income for poverty-stricken households, relevant associated aid policies need to place different emphases based on their household characteristics.     

Poverty and informal economy participation

This paper uses a household survey of the Romanian informal economy to analyse the effects of poverty on informal economy participation. We begin by developing a simple theoretical model, which shows that the participation is driven by low income and the gap between desired and actual income level. We then estimate the determinants of households’ participation in the informal economy. Empirical findings are consistent with the theoretical prediction. In addition, a positive association between husbands and wives working in the informal economy implies the deep poverty faced by a family whose head participates in the informal economy.     

The impact of natural disasters on household income,expenditure, poverty and inequality: evidence from Vietnam

Natural disasters are expected exacerbate poverty and inequality, but little evidence exists to support the impact at household level. This article examines the effect of natural disasters on household income, expenditure, poverty and inequality using the Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey in 2008. The effects of a natural disaster on household income and expenditure, corrected for fixed effects and potential endogeneity bias, are estimated at 6.9% and 7.1% declines in Vietnamese household per capita income and expenditure, respectively. Natural disasters demonstrably worsen expenditure poverty and inequality in Vietnam, and thus should be considered as a factor in designing poverty alleviation policies.     

Does urbanization reduce rural poverty? Evidence from Vietnam

This paper uses data from household surveys to contribute to the urbanization-poverty nexus literature by assessing the effect of urbanization on income, expenditure, and poverty in rural households in Vietnam. We find that the urbanization process stimulates the transition from farm to non-farm activities in rural areas. More specifically, urbanization tends to reduce farm income and increase wages and non-farm income in rural households. This suggests that total income and consumption expenditure of rural households are more likely to increase with urbanization. Finally, we find also that urbanization helps decrease the expenditure poverty rate of rural households, albeit by a small magnitude.