建党百年来中国耕地利用政策变迁的历史逻辑及优化路径

研究目的：梳理中国共产党建党百年来中国耕地利用政策的演变过程,探析其演变特征,提出新时代下优化耕地保护利用政策的路径。研究方法：文献分析法、历史分析法和归纳演绎法。研究结果：中国耕地利用政策经历了新民主主义革命时期“统一革命战线”的耕地利用政策到社会主义革命和建设时期“粮食为纲”的耕地利用政策,再到改革开放前期“耕地数量保护为主”的耕地利用政策及改革开放深化期“耕地数量+质量”双重保护演变过程,最后在新时代演变成以“耕地数量+质量+生态”三位一体保护的耕地利用政策体系。整个政策演变过程具有显著的路径依赖、强制型变迁特征,是多重利益主体博弈的结果。研究结论：新时代下中国耕地利用承担着新的历史使命,面临着新的挑战,应加快形成“系统法律保障+保护补偿新机制+数字化信息化监管+多元主体共同参与”的耕地保护发展路径,以完善耕地保护制度体系。     

基于政策量化的中国耕地保护政策演进过程

研究目的:探讨中国耕地保护政策的演进特征和规律,为政策制定提供理论依据和支撑。研究方法:政策文献计量法和内容分析法。研究结果:中国耕地保护政策的政策力度不强、涉及范围较广、政策措施较为丰富、反馈机制不足、监督体系仍需完善;政策演进共经历了政策出台早期探索、体系建立探索、体系初步形成、体系基本完善、体系趋于成熟5个阶段,耕地保护内涵实现了"数量—数量、质量—数量、质量、生态"的转变;中国耕地保护政策的政策工具类型逐渐多样化,政策工具的内容逐渐具体、可操作性增强。研究结论:未来应提升政策的整体权威性,完善监督机制;健全多部门协同联动机制,强化"三位一体"保护;进一步丰富政策工具形式,提升耕地保护效率。     

近十年我国耕地保护政策的回顾与启示

文章回顾了2012—2022年我国发布的耕地保护政策,采取政策量化分析和内容分析相结合的方法,从耕地数量变化、耕地质量建设和生态保护三个方面进行研究。结果显示,近十年我国耕地保护政策不断完善和细化,但政策手段使用并不均衡;全国耕地数量趋稳并逐步回升,但也面临耕地总体质量不高、耕地生态建设和治理体系不完善等问题。在下一阶段制定耕地保护政策时,应科学利用法律、行政、经济、技术政策手段,充分发挥各政策手段的优势,特别是针对耕地质量建设和生态保护等问题,进一步从经济运行层面探讨经济手段的使用,引导社会力量参与;同时还要关注耕地涉及的社会经济高质量发展下的耕地阈值、不同主体的需求问题,并建立健全政策体系和制度需求者的反馈机制。     

耕地生态保护与补偿的国际经验启示——基于欧盟共同农业政策

我国耕地保护已进入数量、质量、生态"三位一体"保护的新时期,如何开展耕地生态保护与补偿工作成为亟待解决的难题。欧盟共同农业政策对耕地保护和补偿的做法可以为我国相关工作提供借鉴。文章介绍了欧盟共同农业政策宏观框架、耕地保护与补偿主要做法,分析了其主要优势和先进性,结合我国实际情况提出:(1)强化理论研究,构建目标导向体系;(2)构建科学易操作的指标体系和实施规范;(3)统筹各类土地整治项目,科学开展耕地生态建设;(4)构建农田基金,统筹农业生态保护;(5)统筹补偿、激励、支持措施,完善耕地生态补偿体系。     

国际可持续集约化发展经验及其对中国耕地保护的启示

研究目的:厘清可持续集约化概念内涵和研究态势,梳理国际经验并研判对中国耕地保护的启示。研究方法:文献分析法、总结归纳法和例证法。研究结果:(1)可持续集约化是协调粮食需求与资源环境约束之间矛盾、因地制宜优化耕地利用、提升耕地生态系统服务价值的重要途径;(2)可持续集约化符合SDGs,与中国生态文明背景下的耕地保护理念和可持续发展战略相契合;(3)国际可持续集约化研究丰富,实践广泛,可为中国耕地利用和保护提供参考。研究结论:可持续集约化理念内涵及其国际经验为中国构建数量、质量、生态三位一体耕地保护格局提供了重要启示,在保证数量充足和质量优良的基础上,构建"用养结合"的动态平衡体系,创新耕地利用与农业经营模式,加强耕地养护和生态养育,确保粮食生产能力持续稳定。     

政策工具视角下中国耕地生态管护政策文本量化研究

研究目的:梳理20世纪90年代以来中国耕地生态管护政策文本,探讨其政策工具的类型及影响领域,为耕地生态管护政策的优化提供支持。研究方法:运用政策文本量化分析法,构建基于政策工具和影响领域的分析框架,通过编码统计,分析中国耕地生态管护相关政策。研究结果:(1)2014年以来,耕地生态管护相关政策数量集中式增长,但政策类别和等级结构并不合理;(2)能力建设工具及象征和劝诫工具运用过多,激励工具、权威工具和系统变革工具需要加强;(3)社会和环境领域的政策工具数量远低于经济领域,亟待加强供给和调整优化。研究结论:耕地生态管护政策应在增加数量的同时,应更加注重政策类别、等级、工具和影响领域的优化,以提高政策质量。     

基于政策工具视角的中国耕地占补平衡制度分析

运用政策工具对我国耕地占补平衡制度存在的问题进行深入剖析,构建全新的耕地占补平衡制度的政策分析框架。研究结果表明,现行耕地占补平衡制度存在供给侧及环境侧政策工具过溢以及需求侧政策工具缺位的现象,即供需不匹配的问题。由此,文中提出建立生态占补平衡制度、创建生态账户,确保实现数量、质量、生态"三位一体"的耕地保护政策。     

新时代耕地占补平衡的逻辑根源、模式探索与管理创新——基于“新时代耕地占补平衡方式改进与管理创新研讨会”的思考

研究目的:对耕地占补平衡的发展阶段与政策绩效、存在问题与逻辑根源进行分析,对改进方式进行探讨,进而提出管理创新建议,为新时代耕地占补平衡政策实施提供科学依据,为促进城乡融合、扶贫攻坚和乡村振兴提供参考。研究方法:综合分析与系统推理。研究结果:(1)耕地占补平衡存在实质性不平衡、时空性不平衡、政策性弱化等微观、中观及宏观层面问题;(2)在数量方面,通过盘活宅基地增量、存量和完善易地调剂方式,统筹城乡和区域平衡来实现数量占补平衡。(3)在质量方面,通过优化建设用地约束指标、完善耕地质量评价、规范耕作层保护与再利用等促进耕地质量占补平衡。(4)在生态方面,通过完善指标调剂的价格内涵、扩大耕地补偿标准范围、转变耕地补充途径等实现耕地生态占补平衡。研究结论:建议做好顶层设计,抓好规划引领,构建耕地占补平衡与城乡要素流动的平衡机制,建立耕地占补平衡后续生态管护长效机制,提升软硬实力等。     

大食物观下的耕地保护策略探析

本文认为,树立大食物观理念指引,是对耕地数量、质量、生态“三位一体”保护的落实和优化。大食物观理念下的耕地保护将粮食安全、乡村振兴和生态文明纳入同一体系,实现全过程管控耕地数量、全链条平衡耕地质量和全要素保护耕地生态,是完善耕地保护制度的重要创新。     

粮食主产区耕地健康产能评价 ——以河南省温县为例

研究目的:探寻适合中国新时代耕地产能评价的新理论与方法,界定耕地健康产能内涵,构建评价指标体系,并应用河南省温县验证。研究方法:基于"需求—功能—维度—要素—指标"理论框架,构建耕地健康产能评价指标体系,运用综合算法、"1+X"累加模型法、图层叠加法定量评价耕地健康产能。研究结果:(1)温县耕地产能和耕地健康诊断结果地域分异特征明显,以青峰岭为界,北部耕地产能和健康状况较南部好;(2)耕地健康产能整体状况良好,乡镇间差异明显;(3)耕地健康产能结果更多取决于耕地健康诊断,主要受耕地生产环境和耕地系统弹性影响。研究结论:耕地健康产能评价指标体系和评价方法有应用性。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Evaluating Alternative Policy Responses to Higher World Food Prices: The Case of Increasing Rice Prices in Madagascar

Higher world food prices have led many developing countries to adopt policies to mitigate the impact on low-income households. This article sets out a partial equilibrium framework to evaluate the efficiency, distributional, and revenue implications of alternative policy responses. The model is applied to evaluate tariff reductions and targeted transfers in Madagascar. Although lowering tariffs generates substantial efficiency gains, these accrue mainly to the top half of the welfare distribution, and poor net sellers are actually worse off. Developing a system of targeted direct transfers to poor households is likely to be a substantially more cost-effective approach to poverty alleviation.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。