知识产权保护与贸易开放度对外资引进的影响

随着经济开放力度的增大,我国成为外商直接投资主要的流入国,但大量外资在进入我国后,如何提高外资的质量成为社会关注的焦点.基于2000-2018年的省域面板数据,本文运用单位根检验、协整检验、格兰杰因果检验及建立回归模型的方法,对国内的贸易开放度和知识产权保护对我国外资流入的影响进行实证研究.结果 发现,贸易开放度对外商直接投资力度具有促进作用,知识产权保护对外商直接投资有显著的正向作用,且二者的协同作用有助于外资的引进.通过对上述三者间作用机制的探讨,发现合理有效地利用外资依赖于适宜的知识产权保护及贸易开放度.     

贸易开放、引致性就业调整与我国地方政府实际支出规模变动

贸易开放如何影响政府支出规模变动?补偿假说和效率假说提出了截然相反的判断。本文通过强调Rodrick模型忽略的就业调整及调整成本,在指出已有文献得出相互矛盾结论症结所在的同时,还发现:我国地方政府支出的不同细目特点各异,而且不同细目的名义与实际规模也存在不同变化趋势;贸易开放促进了我国地方政府实际投资性、转移支付支出效率的提高;除了政府支出计划性和规模变动的惯性外,实际投资性支出规模的变动主要由预期风险引致的劳动力流动和贸易引起,实际消费性支出规模的变动则是由贸易引致的负向劳动力流动、地区规模和抚养率引起,而显著影响实际转移支付规模的除预期风险引致的正向劳动力流动、贸易、抚养率外,还包括城镇化率和Wagner法则。因此,我国贸易结构的转型与升级,应尤为重视贸易、预期风险引致的不同向劳动力再配置对政府实际支出的无谓消耗。     

外商直接投资对中国双边服务贸易流量的影响研究——基于服务贸易引力模型的实证分析

基于扩展的引力模型,笔者利用中国与19个OECD国家和地区的2000年～2008年双边服务贸易和外商直接投资的面板数据,实证研究了中国吸引外资对服务贸易进出口的影响。结果显示:贸易伙伴国对中国的直接投资在一定程度上促进了服务贸易的发展,FDI存量对于服务贸易的促进作用大于FDI流量的促进作用,投资对于服务的进口引致效应大于对服务的出口创造效应。贸易伙伴国的经济发展规模、货物贸易是双边服务贸易流量的促进因素,东道国的服务贸易开放度与其服务出口成正比,相对距离则构成了双方服务贸易的阻力因素。     

外商直接投资对中国贸易顺差的影响及机制——基于SURE和ARDL-ECM模型的动态分析

造成中国长期贸易顺羞的原因错综复杂,外商直接投资流入持续高速增加是一个重要原因.本文基于中国1979～2007年间的年度数据,采用似然无关回归模型、边限协整检验方法和误差修正模型进行估计.实证结果支持本文的理论假说,即外商直接投资流入极大促进了出口,从而导致长期贸易顺差;同时也表明人民币汇率因素对贸易差额存在影响,但影响较小且不显著.由此得出的政策含义是,只有从外商直接投资流入和流出两个角度入手,才是缓解当前贸易收支失衡的关键所在.     

外商直接投资的空间外溢效应：对中国区域企业生产率影响的经验检验

本研究采用大数据样本（样本容量为173430）研究了外商直接投资（国外直接投资和港澳台直接投资）外溢效应在空间上的分布规律以及对我国企业生产率的影响,实证结果发现无论港澳台直接投资还是国外直接投资对内资企业均存在外溢的比邻效应;考虑地区进入因素后,外商直接投资对制造业的整体效应估计值降低了;外商直接投资的进入拉大了我国不同区域企业生产率之间的差距。此外,研究结论支持了Arrow（1971）与Findlay（1978）的理论推断。     

国际贸易的麦敕勒悖论及其验证:来自美国及OECD成员国的经验证据

本研究采用大数据样本(样本容量为173430)研究了外商直接投资(国外直接投资和港澳台直接投资)外溢效应在空间上的分布规律以及对我国企业生产率的影响,实证结果发现无论港澳台直接投资还是国外直接投资对内资企业均存在外溢的比邻效应;考虑地区进入因素后,外商直接投资对制造业的整体效应估计值降低了;外商直接投资的进入拉大了我国不同区域企业生产率之间的差距。此外,研究结论支持了Arrow(1971)与Findlay(1978)的理论推断。     

公共支出、空间外溢与圈域经济增长——以武汉城市圈为例

基于一个内生增长理论模型,以武汉城市圈9个城市2007-2010年的面板数据为样本进行空间计量分析,对公共总支出、公共分类支出及其外溢效应对圈域经济增长的影响进行实证分析。结果表明:(1)武汉城市圈各城市的公共支出存在空间外溢效应,但公共总支出与公共分类支出的空间外溢效应并不必然具有方向上的一致性,公共总支出和维持性支出对圈域经济增长具有负的空间外溢效应,而社会性支出和经济性支出对圈域经济增长具有正的空间外溢效应;(2)固定资产投资率、对外开放程度、外商直接投资和储蓄率对圈域经济增长具有显著正向作用。     

中国农产品产业内贸易影响因素的实证研究

本文首先运用Grubel-Lloyd计量法和GHM分解法对1997—2008年中国农产品产业内贸易以及垂直型和水平型农产品产业内贸易水平分别加以测度,然后运用面板数据从国家层面对中国农产品产业内贸易影响因素进行了实证研究。结果表明:人均收入差距、外商直接投资、农产品贸易不平衡、贸易伙伴的贸易开放度是影响中国农产品产业内贸易的主要国家层面因素;区域优惠贸易安排、地理距离、市场规模因素对中国农产品产业内贸易发展也有不容忽视的影响。     

外商直接投资与环境规制关联机制的面板数据分析

利用Panel Data模型和时间序列模型对我国各地区外商直接投资与环境规制之间的关联机制作了实证分析。计量结果显示,环境规制确实对我国各个地区引进外资具有一定影响,而且这种影响呈现为负效应,“污染天堂假说”在一定程度上存在。当然,影响外商直接投资的决定因素主要是地理区位、经济发展水平和市场化进程,而劳动力成本也逐渐成为外商企业投资选址时考虑的因素。该研究结果具有重要的政策含义,即在中国各个地方政府在引进外资时,FDI对当地环境的负面影响需要逐渐引起各级地方政府在环境保护和政策制定过程中一定程度的关注。     

西部地区外商直接投资吸收能力的测度研究

外商直接投资是一种集技术、资金、管理与知识等为一体的复合资源,对东道国的经济发展起着重要的推动作用。外商直接投资在我国呈现非均衡分布状况,东中部地区的外商直接投资引入规模大,而西部地区外商直接投资的引入规模相对较小,西部地区外商直接投资吸收能力的结构水平低是西部地区外商直接投资引进不足的主要原因。文章采用AHP分析方法,构建了西部地区的外商直接投资吸收能力的递阶层次结构模型,对西部地区的十一个省级行政区的外商直接投资吸收能力进行了实证分析。     

The effectiveness of fiscal spending in Croatia,Slovenia and Serbia: the role of trade openness and public debt level

Various structural characteristics of economies, directly or indirectly, affect the transmission from government stimuli to economic activity and determine the size of fiscal multipliers. In this article, we expand the standard Blanchard–Perotti fiscal SVAR model by incorporating the public debt and trade openness variables to assess the influence of these structural determinants on the effectiveness of fiscal spending in three selected former Yugoslav countries – Slovenia, Croatia and Serbia. The results confirmed the main hypotheses, which state that public debt level and trade openness significantly affect the effectiveness of fiscal spending through the means of reduction in size of fiscal effects in all countries analysed. When comparing internationally, this reduction tends to be more evident in countries with a higher degree of average public debt level and trade openness.     

居民收入增长对公共支出的需求变动分析——基于中国1978～2006年数据的实证研究

由于不同收入群体的公共产品偏好不同,因此,随着居民收入的增长,公众对于公共产品的需求会有所改变,由此引致的财政支出规模变化应当是＂民生财政＂建立过程中需要重点考虑的因素。本文试图研究中国改革开放以来居民收入增长对财政支出规模的影响,主要从两个层面展开：首先,在理论层面,将财政支出分为不同性质的三类,并以此为基础分析居民收入与财政支出规模二者之间的逻辑关系;接着,对1978～2008年间中国的经验数据进行了实证研究,用协整检验和ARIMA模型等计量工具,实证分析了居民收入增长对中国公共支出结构变动的影响。研究结果表明：长期看来,随着居民收入增长,基础设施需求以及国防安全的需求趋于稳定;在短期中,居民收入的增长最能引起社会文教支出的扩张,其次为国防支出和行政管理支出,对经济建设支出的影响最弱。     

中国财政竞争与地方公共支出结构分析

This article examines the impact of intergovernmental fiscal competition on local public expenditure in China under current performance assessment system in which GDP is a critical factor. First, we present the assignment of public goods and tax burden and the share of foreign direct investment (FDI) of 30 provinces, and we find that current fiscal competition in China has taken the form of public expenditure improvement accompanied by preferential tax policies. Second, we regress the share of FDI on different components of provincial public expenditure, and find that the share of FDI is correlated negatively with the public service, tax burden and health care service while positively with infrastructure development. Therefore, FDI-based infrastructural investment crowds out public services investment, which fails to support the view that fiscal competition improves social welfares.     

Cross-country evidence on determinants of fiscal policy effectiveness: the role of trade and capital flows

This article studies the determinants of size differentials between fiscal multipliers in countries around the world, both advanced and developing economies. We introduce variables not considered before for explaining multiplier size differentials, such as capital flows and the openness of capital markets, while controlling for domestic conditions and exchange rate regimes. We also disaggregate GDP into its main components in order to identify the channels through which external and internal factors can influence GDP after a change in fiscal policy. Our results point to the existence of a new channel through which fiscal policy effectiveness is affected. Capital flows, especially FDI flows, play an important role in determining the sizes of fiscal multipliers, and a country’s external conditions largely explain GDP changes after fiscal expenditure shocks. Our results also point towards a strong link between a country’s international position and its real economy.     

Do regional trade agreements stimulate FDI? Evidence for the Agadir,MERCOSUR and AFTA regions

The integration of emerging markets into the global economy is heavily promoted by foreign direct investment (FDI ) inflows. Among the factors explaining the location of FDI , regional trade agreements (RTA s) can be relevant for emerging markets, as they can promote economic integration and increase the attractiveness of the region for foreign investors. This paper investigates the impact of South–South trade agreements on the FDI decision of multinationals, where the Agadir, mercado comun del sur (MERCOSUR), and ASEAN free trade area (AFTA) agreements are considered. Three panels of countries are defined, where the members joined a specific agreement or not. Non‐Gulf Arab states are compared to better performing regions in Latin America and Southern and Eastern Asia. The analysis provides evidence that openness to foreign trade and financial markets are among the main catalysts to attract FDI , provided that business‐friendly institutions exist in the host country. Other variables, like the size of the industrial sector, urbanization rates, and external debt appear to be important in some cases. The integration of China into the world economy is a specific trigger for FDI to Asian destinations. Since RTA s influence the market size by reducing barriers to trade, their impact operates via GDP growth and openness. Gains from the agreement are striking for Latin America and Asia, but not for Arab states. To attract more FDI , business‐friendly institutional reforms and mechanisms to support new firm foundation should be implemented in this region.     

The impact of trade openness on technical efficiency in the agricultural sector of the European Union

The aim of this study is to analyse the impact of trade openness on technical efficiency of the European Union’s (EU) agricultural sector. There are no systematic theories linking trade policy to technical efficiency; hence, the relation between trade liberalization and technical efficiency is fundamentally ambiguous. Stochastic frontier analysis is used to model the relationship between EU’s production resources and agricultural output, as well as the importance of trade openness on technical efficiency of a country. The data for 16 of the 28 EU members were available for the period 1980–2007 including land, capital, fertilizer, labour, agricultural GDP, foreign direct investments (FDI), exports and import data. Results indicate that trade openness has an immediate, negative impact on efficiency in the EU agricultural sector. Over time, however, trade openness does increase efficiency. The FDI outflows increase efficiency. This suggests that an initial reduction in capital supply forces EU nations to utilize other factor inputs more efficiently. However, there is the unexamined potential that over time the depletion of capital results in a decrease in efficiency. Finally, formerly communist member-countries of the EU are found to have the lowest technical efficiency scores whereas Southern European nations have the highest efficiency.     

Does FDI improve economic development in North African countries?

This article examines the relationship between FDI inflows and welfare improvement in North African countries. Using net per capita FDI inflows and the United Nations Development Program’s Human Development Index as the principal variables, our analyses confirm the positive and strongly significant relationship between net FDI inflows and welfare improvement in North Africa, although we do find significant differences among the countries in the region. This relationship holds even after we control for government size, country indebtedness, macroeconomic instability, infrastructural development, institutional quality, political risk, openness to trade, education and financial market development. Hence, at the aggregate level, FDI contributes to economic growth in North Africa, in turn generating additional revenues for governments and populations in the region through fiscal policies and jobs creation. We also found that FDI received by countries in the region are mainly concentrated in very few industries (particularly extractive petroleum, services and tourism, construction and utilities); relatively fewer of these investments are directed towards the nonextractive primary industries, which are pro-poor sectors and highly labour intensive, or the manufacturing sector, with a high potential for spillover effects in the economy. This lack of diversification of FDI received in the region’s economies in part explains the differences observed in the link between FDI and welfare in these countries. It is therefore essential for governments in the region to continue investing in social infrastructures while improving the quality of their institutions and their governance; doing so will probably help avoid the type of unrest we have witnessed recently.     

Macroeconomic,institutional, and sectoral determinants of outward foreign direct investment: Evidence from Japan

This paper empirically explores the determinants of outward foreign direct investment (FDI) in the Japanese manufacturing sector. We estimate a gravity model of FDI for 30 host countries covering the period 2005–2017, using Poisson pseudo maximum likelihood to tackle the issue of zero-value observations. The results indicate that Japanese overseas investments are not only driven by traditional factors, such as market size, the yen real exchange rate, trade openness, differences in perception of corruption, and financial instability, but also by industry characteristics. In particular, we find that low technological industries characterized by growing labour costs are more likely to be relocated abroad. Furthermore, we demonstrate nonlinearities in the determinants of Japanese overseas investments depending on the host country's development, the host country's region, and the category of FDI implemented (vertical vs horizontal).     

Financial Openness and the Dutch Disease

This paper studies the relationship between the degree of financial openness and Dutch disease effects of capital inflows in developing countries. The results reveal that an increase in financial openness leads to an appreciation of the real exchange rate. In particular, the study shows that an increase in inflow of foreign direct investments (FDI) results in an appreciation of the real exchange rate in more financially open countries only. The results also suggest that there is a trade‐off between the resource movement effect and the spending effect in more financially open economies following an increase in FDI inflows, such that the more the tradable sector expands relative to the nontradable sector, the greater is the real exchange rate appreciation.