Spatial–temporal distribution characteristics of industrial heritage protection and the influencing factors in a Chinese city: a case study of the Tiexi old industrial district in Shenyang

ABSTRACT

In this article, the temporal and spatial distribution of industrial heritage protection was presented, using the Tiexi old industrial district of Shenyang as a typical case. An explanatory framework was constructed to explain the selected process of industrial heritage. The findings indicate that the highly selective process and the temporal spatial transformation of industrial heritage have been driven by economic, cultural and institutional factors. Tiexi old industrial district is not a single case, but reflects the history and general problems of conserving industrial heritage in China. The case of Tiexi contributes to understanding Chinese industrial heritage in three aspects. First, as to temporal character, there is an excessive concentration ignoring modern and contemporary industrial heritage. Second, from the perspective of space, the fragmented protection mode makes industrial heritage an ‘enclave’ like lonely islands, thus affecting the overall image of industrial culture. And third, as far as institutional factors are concerned, the government plays the leading role while the workers and other important stakeholders are missing.     

南京熙南里历史文化街区体验价值增值路径分析

游客体验及其体验价值是历史文化街区旅游开发研究的重要内容之一。以小红书App分享的熙南里历史文化街区照片为研究数据，采用质性研究方法提取照片隐含的价值要素，并基于凝视心理活动分析框架构建游客体验价值的增值路径。研究表明：（1）熙南里历史文化街区的体验价值体现在功能价值、享乐价值和符号价值3个层级；（2）历史文化街区可以通过游览体验和视觉选择两条路径实现享乐价值和符号价值的增值，进而间接提升其功能价值；（3）节庆活动、文化演艺活动和娱乐体验活动的参与程度与享乐价值直接相关，符号价值则主要通过打卡和探店等行为提升社会声望价值，游客视觉选择的网红符号形象强于历史文化符号。基于此，研究从功能价值、享乐价值和符号价值三方面为历史文化街区提出具有普适性的提升策略。     

海峡两岸暨香港导游管理体制比较与启示

导游管理体制规定着导游资源配置的基本原则和方式方法。文章采用比较研究方法,依据大陆与香港、台湾现行导游管理法规条文,对海峡两岸暨香港导游管理体制模式进行了系统对比和分析。研究发现,海峡两岸暨香港导游管理因所处社会发展阶段、所依托旅游业发展模式不同,形成各具特色的发展路径和模式。其中,香港特区政府将导游职业管理权限赋予完全市场组织,政府只在立法与执法层面发挥作用;我国台湾地区主管部门导游管制强调采用市场方式,同时特别注重各主管部门间的分工协作,形成"协同治理"的管理模式。由此提出建议,大陆导游管理体制改革要强化市场机制主体地位,淡化行政管制措施,以及大力培育导游协会等中介组织,促进导游走职业化发展道路。     

Benefits and transaction costs of purchasing local foods in school districts

Although there are several benefits associated with the consumption and increased awareness of locally grown foods in school districts, there are also costs that prevent increasing the purchase of local foods. This study examined the main benefits and transaction costs perceived by school foodservice directors in a Northeastern State when purchasing local foods. Qualitative semi-structured interviews with school districts’ foodservice directors (N = 11) were conducted. The main criteria for participation was to target school districts who previously or currently purchased locally grown food items. The study showed that school foodservice directors categorized price, food safety and availability as the main components of transaction costs associated with the purchase of locally grown products. They also identified several benefits, such as supporting the local economy, providing better quality food, and ensuring students have access to healthier foods. Future studies could build on these findings to identify specific measures of transaction costs.     

旅游利用下历史街区文化景观符号意义与建构——以北京前门大街为例

历史街区承载了城市的历史信息和文化印记，主要表征为特色鲜明的文化景观。过去40年，快速城市化和工业化改变了城市面貌，也影响了历史街区保护利用的进程。历史街区一旦变成旅游景观，符号化就成为了历史街区进行旅游发展和空间重构的主导逻辑。本研究以前门大街为案例地，通过对马蜂窝网站中游客分享照片的检索和整理，利用符号学和扎根理论方法分析了旅游利用背景下历史街区文化景观符号的意义表达，并对此过程中的符号建构与解读机制进行剖析。本研究从主客体两视角出发，深化既有研究并得出以下结论：前门大街通过指索符号、建筑符号、街道符号和商业符号共同表征这一空间。街道功能多样化和城市地位转变是符号建构与解读的具体语境，符号系统的建构存在多个权力主体，不同价值的符号其建构方式也有所不同。符号的解读需要旅游者的身体参与，当旅游地建构的符号与旅游者获得的符号存在一致性的时候，意味着文化景观符号意义被正确地接受和解读。     

The effect of hotel chain affiliation on economic performance: The moderating role of tourist districts

This paper offers a pioneering analysis of the impact that integration in different types of hotel chains has on firm performance, and the moderating effect of the tourist destination in this relationship. Studies in the literature examine both size and location independently, without reconciling the apparently contradictory trends of globalization and conservation of the local base. The aim of the research is to analyze the comparative effects on tourism firms’ performance of belonging to different types of hotel chains while maintaining the advantages of location in a tourist destination. Based on a study of 292 Spanish hotels, the authors test the proposed hypotheses using hierarchical regression analysis. The results show the advantages of non-equity chains over independent establishments. The study also finds a positive moderating effect of location in a district on the results yielded by belonging to a chain, whatever organizational form it takes.     

The water footprint of tourism in Spain

This study complements the water footprint (WF) estimations for Spain, incorporating insights of the process analysis and input–output (IO) analysis. We evaluate the virtual (both blue and green consumed) water trade of agricultural and industrial products, but also of services, especially through tourism, for a country in which more than 10% of the gross domestic product (GDP) derives from this activity. We use domestic and import disaggregated tables in the agro-alimentary activities, based mainly on national agrarian, industrial, services and trade statistics. In order to obtain import coefficients, water data and IO tables of the main trade partners are used to reproduce the technology of these economies. Results show that 16% of the Spanish exports are due to foreign tourism, thus the water footprint of foreign tourism in Spain is 3.7 km³. Finally, we compare reductions in total tourism expenditure and the domestic and global water footprint of tourism using four scenarios.     

The network of Spanish Jewries: in praise of connecting and sharing heritage

This article presents the case study of the Network of Spanish Jewries (‘Red de Juderías de España’ – Caminos de Sefarad) and discusses the implications of networking between heritage sites linked through thematic routes. Although the impact on the performances of the different sites can hardly be measured, the value of the Spanish Jewries is attributed especially to its potential to redress regional imbalances in tourism activity (one of the main concerns for Spanish tourism) and to be packaged as a more integral, economically viable, and enticing experience than stand-alone heritage-based products. Evidence from the case study gives rise to more general considerations on the value of heritage networks for a more sustainable tourist activity, knowledge-sharing, and coordination in management. The article also looks beyond tourism impacts to regional cohesion and economic development opportunities that could be reaped from the extension of the network across national borders.     

Human resource management approaches in Spanish hotels: An introductory analysis

Although Spain is one of the most important tourism destinations in the world, Spanish tourism firms need to be more competitive in order to continue attracting citizens from other countries and human resource strategies can help. The present study aims to identify the specific human resource practices applied by hotels. The variables of interest are those related to human resource profile (number of employees, nationality and sex) and to human resource strategies (recruitment, hiring and training strategies). A survey of the hotel establishments in the Valencian Autonomous Region shows that a hard human resource approach prevails and that hotels apply the same human resource strategies regardless of their category or competitive strategy (universalistic approach).     

Industrial railway heritage trains: the evolution of a heritage tourism genre and its attributes

Heritage tourism forms a specific genre within the wider field of tourism; however, this genre itself encompasses a wide range of different types of heritage attractions, of which industrial attractions, military attractions, stately homes and attractions associated with historic people are all examples. This paper discusses the evolution of industrial railway heritage attractions from their original railway operations to visitor attractions; second, it examines the key attributes defining successful industrial railway heritage attractions; and third, it compares and contrasts these attributes for three industrial railway heritage attractions, spanning three separate locations and two countries (Australia and Malaysia). The findings from the study identify and support ranges of success factors and suggest a framework for examining the genre of industrial railway heritage attractions and their attributes. This framework can direct future studies that investigate the nature of industrial railway heritage trains, and contribute to enriching understanding and knowledge of this genre of attractions.     

Determining factors in entry choice for international expansion. The case of the Spanish hotel industry

The hotel sector, as a service industry where it is possible to separate capital investment from management skills, is a clear example of how internationalisation can be modelled without shareholding involvement through foreign direct investment. This paper is an empirical examination of the key factors influencing the decision process carried out by Spanish hotel companies in choosing an entry mode for international expansion. The main objective is to verify whether the concepts derived from the transaction-cost, agency and the strategic theories of organisational capability and knowledge in companies can really explain the mode of foreign expansion employed by the Spanish hotel sector. This study will allow comparison of findings on holiday resort hotel chains with other analyses on the international hotel industry.     

现代城市游憩商务区体系建设研究--以武汉市为例

游憩商务区及其相关概念是城市旅游空间利用的重要形式,本文在明晰基本概念与内涵的基础上试图厘清RBD、TBD和CTD之间的衍生关系,探讨游憩商务区体系发展演化的驱动机制和演进模式,并以武汉市为例系统地研究了在城市整体背景下如何面向市场依托现有资源建设RBD体系,以期为城市理性、科学地开发利用旅游空间提供参考.     

城市游憩商业区系统SRBD的生长研究--以历史文化名城苏州为例

城市游憩商业区RBD是城市旅游研究的一个重要方面。一般认为，城市游憩商业区是城市中某一特定的区域，本文通过苏州实证性的研究指出，城市游憩商业区在城市发展的整体态势下呈现为动态的发展图景，尤其在城市飞速发展的今天，城市中游憩商业区的形态往往会突破单核的固定结构而表现为多核结构，整体上又往往呈现为链状、环状或网状形态等等，从而形成一个游憩商业区系统SRBD。系统中各游憩商业区因其自身形成背景、发育过程和功能定位等的不同而有着不同的发展趋势，需要采取相应的发展策略。     

Applying the caption evaluation method to studies of visitors’ evaluation of historical districts

A historical district is a comprehensive form of historical attractions, and has diverse features that visitors can gaze on. This study proposes the application of the caption evaluation method, participatory research involving photographing by subjects, to a study of visitors’ evaluation of a historical district as a tourism destination. Thirty Japanese undergraduates who majored in commerce and 27 Japanese adults with an interest in architecture and/or town planning photographed settings of their choice in a Japanese historical district and stated how they perceived the captured settings in an open-ended form. Their statements were subjected to analysis using a software package as well as manual analysis. The results indicate relationships between various elements in the district and the subjects’ feelings and desires. Particularly, favourable evaluations of old objects and unfavourable perceptions of modern objects were implied. The results also suggest the types of activities visitors may wish to participate in.     

The creation and use of scorecards in tourism planning: A Spanish example

This paper proposes a preliminary model of a balanced scorecard for tourism destinations, with a specific emphasis on sustainable development. We begin with a review of the perspectives and critical performance variables for the traditional balanced scorecard. We then present empirical work based upon quantitative analysis techniques. A survey was completed by 1531 Spanish municipalities that are oriented towards tourism and have demonstrated interest in management issues. Based on the constructs emerging from this analysis, we then show how the balanced scorecard can be modified to support the strategic planning of tourism destinations. We conclude by discussing the advantages for long-term strategic planning and sustainable tourism management.     

An evaluation of Spanish hotel websites: Informational vs. relational strategies

The websites of many hotels are beginning to incorporate new online tools such as social media in order to maintain closer relationships with clients and, possibly, investors. The objectives of this study are to identify the strategies pursued by Spanish hotel websites and to analyze the relationship between the size of the hotel and website strategy. The results show that Spanish hotel websites are primarily built for customers and that the information oriented toward investors is relatively scarce. Further, there is a significant positive relationship between the size of the hotel and the information provided in two of the perspectives studied, those of the investor and presence on social media. Lastly, significant relationships were identified between the customer, marketing, Web 2.0 and social media categories. However, significant relationships were not identified between the investor perspective and any of the other four categories investigated.     

Relationships of Perceived Justice to Service Recovery,Service Failure Attributions,Recovery Satisfaction,and Loyalty in the Context of Airline Travelers

In recent years, hospitality and tourism researchers have presented their findings of many studies on website performance and evaluations. Although these prior studies have achieved a certain degree of success for assisting industrial practitioners to develop and maintain their websites, it remains largely unknown how consumers find a specific travel or hotel website. This paper reports a study that investigated the perceived importance of different channels for finding travel or hotel websites from an international travelers' perspective. Empirical results from 153 travel or hotel website users indicated that the Google search engine was the only channel that was perceived as important, and 47.4% of the respondents viewed up to three screens in the list of search results when using search engines. The paper should be of interest to industrial practitioners and academic researchers to understand better the behavior of users of travel and hotel websites during their website search procedure.     

The management of labour recruitment: The hotel chains during the Spanish tourism boom, 1959–1973

This paper explores the labour management of hotel chains during the Spanish tourism boom, a period characterized by high labour shortages. Focusing on the behaviour of three prominent emerging hotel chains in the Balearic Islands, we adopt a micro-comparative approach to examine their payrolls. Our findings suggest that the economic and geographical characteristics of the areas where they operated were crucial to their decisions. Firms located in populated areas developed channels of seasonal labour that supplied migrant workers through chain migration and kinship links. Conversely, firms in areas of intense landscape transformation pursued recruitment at origin in specific towns on mainland Spain or in foreign countries. This strategy played a key role in the development of new international tourism destinations.     

An analysis of households' appraisal of their budget constraints for potential participation in tourism

This paper examines the importance of households' budget constraints as a barrier to participation in tourism. For this purpose, a sample of Spanish households drawn from the European Community Household Panel was analysed. This survey gathers data on the economic and socio-demographic situation of all adult household members. More specifically, it includes a question on each household's capacity to afford a week's yearly holiday. The aim of this question is to assess whether households have sufficient financial resources to participate in tourism. The results of the analysis demonstrate that budget constraints on tourist travel are binding for a significant percentage of Spanish households. The results also show that this type of constraint is not only conditioned by the level of income, but by a more complex appraisal that also includes other financial variables, such as households' saving capacity or the unemployment status of its members. Furthermore, non-financial variables, such as the level of education, age, and barriers associated with poor health status, all help to determine the degree of importance with which households perceive their budget constraints.     

Deployment of Restaurants Websites’ Marketing Features: The Case of Spanish Michelin-Starred Restaurants

ABSTRACT

Websites have become a fundamental marketing tool for tourism businesses and have a special importance for highly rated restaurants. The aim of this article is to propose and apply a model to evaluate the deployment and adoption of website marketing features of restaurants from a specific category. The model is based on the application of an extended model of Internet commerce adoption (eMICA) technique for technical depth, combined with content analysis for breadth. This study analyzes the website features and capabilities for Spanish restaurants in the 2015 Michelin Red Guide. A total of 102 restaurants were analyzed. The results of the website evaluation model suggest that, despite the importance of the restaurant sector in the economy and in the tourism industry, the websites of high-quality restaurants require improvements to adapt to customers’ demands. Results further found that these websites are not tourist-orientated and are established at different stages of development.