我国财政政策作用机制与经济周期波动的相依性检验

财政政策一直是我国宏观经济调控的主要方式,并在需求管理中发挥了重要作用.本文定量描述和检验了我国财政政策工具与经济周期波动之间的相依性,在结构VAR模型中刻画了财政政策的作用和反馈过程,并发现我国财政政策操作的相机选择性依赖经济周期的阶段性.在目前我国进入新经济周期的态势下,应当及时调整财政政策的期限结构和政策工具,加强财政政策与货币政策的政策组合作用,以保持经济快速稳定增长.     

Sovereign risk and procyclical fiscal policy in emerging market economies

This study develops a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model to account for the differences in fiscal policy stance over the business cycle between developed and emerging market countries, and, in particular, for the volatile and procyclical government consumption and transfer payment in emerging market countries. Two models with and without default option in sovereign borrowings replicate the contrasting cyclical behaviors indicating that the default option is responsible for procyclical fiscal policy. Further, augmented model with third-party bailouts, together with the stochastic trend income process, successfully predicts high volatilities of fiscal expenditures. These imply that procyclical fiscal policy, entailed by default option, may exacerbate the business cycle in emerging market countries.     

我国的财政赤字"过大"吗?

自1998年我国实施积极财政政策以来,财政赤字和国债规模都大大增加了,引起社会各界的广泛关注.我国近年来的财政赤字过大吗?是否会引起财政危机?本文根据政府跨时预算约束理论,利用协整方法,从动态角度分析我国改革开放以来财政赤字的可持续性.我们发现,尽管20多年来我国一直存在财政赤字,而且近年来财政赤字增加了,但没有证据表明我国的财政赤字过大.因此,我们的结论是,我国的财政赤字政策是可持续的.     

Simple fiscal policy rules for small open economies

This paper analyzes the scope for rules-based countercyclical fiscal policy in small open economies where a subset of households is liquidity-constrained. Relative to balanced budget rules, structural surplus rules significantly improve welfare. But they minimize fiscal instrument volatility rather than business cycle volatility. More aggressively countercyclical tax revenue gap rules (strong automatic stabilizers) increase welfare gains by around 50%, with only modest increases in fiscal instrument volatility. If liquidity-constrained households' labor income is independent of raw materials prices, the government should save excess raw materials revenue on their behalf. The best fiscal instruments are transfers, consumption and labor taxes.     

Book reviews

This paper analyzes how fiscal policies and credit constraints can affect the impact of macroeconomic volatility on long-run growth. The model by Aghion et al. (2005) is extended by allowing for governmental fiscal policy over the business cycle. The analysis shows that in an economy facing credit constraints, an increase in volatility will result in lower mean growth, and all the more the less financially developed and the more procyclical the fiscal policy is. The main implication is that in countries with lower degrees of financial development, countercyclical fiscal policies are particularly important in reducing the negative consequences of adverse aggregate shocks on firms' long-run investments. An empirical analysis is finally conducted using different groups of countries that confirm the theoretical predictions.     

Fiscal Policy at the Zero Lower Bound

Intereconomics - With interest rates at zero where they are expected to remain for a long time, and with the main risk being that inflation is too low, fiscal policy must be active and contribute...     

我国经济波动与财政政策波动的关联性分析--兼论我国财政政策的相机抉择与自动稳定机制

通过对我国经济与财政政策波动的有效度量,文章利用脉冲响应函数和线性回归模型对两者关联性进行的研究表明:经济与财政政策波动具有很大的相似性和互扰性;经济波动引致的财政收支波动具有明显的不对称性,并成为我国自1994年财政赤字产生的主要原因;经济波动与财政政策波动之间存在不完全的双向因果关系,其中,经济波动引致的财政收支变化对经济波动的反向调节力度较小,并具有明显的时滞,而相机抉择机制引致的财政收支外生变化对经济的反向调节虽然时滞较短,但工具之间存在明显的协调失灵;财政政策波动对经济波动的作用效果具有明显的不对称性,扩张性政策较紧缩性政策好,相机抉择机制较自动稳定机制好.     

Twin deficit or twin divergence? Fiscal policy, current account, and real exchange rate in the U.S.

In spite of concerns about “twin deficits” (fiscal and the current account deficits) for the United States economy, empirical evidence suggests that “twin divergence” is a more usual feature of the historical data, i.e., when fiscal accounts worsen, the current account improves and vice versa. This paper empirically studies the effects of fiscal policy (government budget deficit shocks) on the current account and the real exchange rate, during the flexible exchange rate regime period. Based on VAR (Vector Auto-Regression) models, we identified “exogenous” fiscal policy shocks after controlling for business cycle effects on fiscal balances. In contrast to the predictions of most theoretical models, the U.S. results suggest that an expansionary fiscal policy shock, or a government budget deficit shock, improve the current account and depreciate the real exchange rate. Increases in private savings and declines in investment contribute to the current account improvement while a nominal exchange rate depreciation, as opposed to a relative price level change, is mainly responsible for the real exchange rate depreciation. The “twin divergence” of fiscal balances and current account balances is also explained by the prevalence of output shocks, i.e. output shocks — more than fiscal shocks — appear to drive the co-movements of the current account and the fiscal balance.     

Rising BRIC and Changes in Sub‐Saharan Africa's Business Cycle Patterns

This paper assesses the extent to which Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA)'s business cycle is synchronized with that of the rest of the world (RoW). SSA's business cycle has not only moved in the same direction as that of the RoW, but has also gradually drifted away from the G7 in favor of the BRIC. Trade with the BRIC has been the strongest driver of this shift. As fiscal policy stances in SSA and the BRIC are not synchronized, they have not caused output correlation. Also, financial openness, which is at an early stage in SSA, has acted as a neutral force.     

财政赤字的排挤效应:实证分析

本文首先通过把财政收支引入居民消费函数,估计财政赤字对民间消费的影响;然后,分别从经济周期、全社会固定资产投资的资金来源以及资本收益率等角度,分析财政赤字对民间投资的影响.其结果均表明,1998年以来我国实施的积极财政政策所导致的财政赤字,并没有产生排挤效应.     

Gesamtwirtschaftliche Effekte fiskalischer Unsicherheit

Fiscal uncertainty has potentially far-reaching effects on investment activity and the business cycle. This paper constructs an indicator for fiscal uncertainty in Germany based on (a) the dispersion of professional forecasts for Germany’s budget balance and (b) newspaper coverage frequency of fiscal uncertainty. We find that an exogenous increase in fiscal uncertainty affects the business cycle by significantly lowering investment activity in machinery and equipment. Fiscal rules that increase the degree of fiscal steadiness may contribute to a reduction in fiscal uncertainty and thereby stimulate investment.     

财政政策的顺周期实施效应特征与基本成因

改革开放以来,为抵御外部风险、稳定经济增长,我国持续实施积极财政政策,政策设计愈发重视反周期相机调控理念.但政策的实施效果存在争议,不完全满足反周期特征,导致调控结果与初衷存在背离难题.为厘清我国财政政策效应的周期特征,本文引入多频谱分析,以极大似然小波分解(MODWT)剔除序列趋势成分的扩张效应干扰,利用带有时变参数的结构向量回归模型(TVP-SVAR)分析我国预算收支和经济波动的关系.结果显示,我国预算收支变化与经济周期趋同,财政政策的实施结果具有顺周期性.具体来看,我国经济增速变化一个单位将导致预算收支分别同方向变化0.7及 0.05个单位以上,预算收入变化一个单位将导致预算支出变化0.9个单位以上.本文还证明,预算收入的顺周期属性是导致支出与经济波动顺同的主要影响因素.     

Fiscal and monetary rules for a currency union

This paper addresses the optimal joint conduct of fiscal and monetary policy in a two-country model of a currency union with staggered price setting and distortionary taxes. A tractable linear-quadratic approximation permits a representation of the optimal policy plan in terms of targeting rules. In the optimal equilibrium, monetary policy should achieve aggregate price stability following a flexible inflation targeting rule. Fiscal policy should stabilize idiosyncratic shocks allowing for permanent variations of government debt but should abstain from creating inflationary expectations at the union level. Simple policy rules can approximate the optimal commitment benchmark through a mix of strict inflation targeting and flexible budget rules. Conversely, the welfare costs of balanced budget rules are at least one order of magnitude higher than conventional estimates of the costs of business cycle fluctuactions.     

Foreign Direct Investment Policy–Friendly Business Environment in R&D Sectors: Baltic States versus Visegrad Countries

This article examines the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) policy on inward FDI in the Visegrad and Baltic countries. The analysis of business environment highlights that the countries in both regions attempt to create a friendly business environment by means of similar methods. However, the countries in both regions focus on fiscal incentives such as taxes, which do not play a major role in attracting inward FDI in R&D. The results of attracting FDI are better in the Visegrad countries, which implement financial incentives toward inward FDI along with fiscal incentives. According to empirical analysis, it is noticed that a higher intervention level and a higher support level guarantee the volume of inward FDI. The country's introduced FDI policy enables it to orient industry and to implement economic strategic targets. FDI policy does have an impact on promoting the development of the entire country.     

中国经济增长中货币政策与财政政策有效性的比较检验

本文通过一个广义货币供应量、财政支出和国内生产总值三变量向量误差修正模型(VECM)考察中国1978—2005年间货币政策和财政政策对经济增长影响的差异性特征。在应用脉冲响应函数和方差分解方法研究它们之间的动态特性后发现:积极货币政策的经济增长效果无论在短期还是长期内均要强于财政政策,长期内,积极货币政策对经济增长一直有递减的正效应,但是积极财政政策由于挤出效应的影响,长期内对经济增长呈负效应。     

Niedrige Zinsen — gesamtwirtschaftliche Ursachen und Folgen

Due to the financial crises from 2008 to 2012, unconventional monetary policy caused an environment of record low interest rates around the world. Maintaining the low interest rate policy might be reasonable for the ECB in the short run in order to fight the fragmentation of the financial market and the risk of defl ation in the Eurozone. Some authors argue that permanently low interest rates lead to wrong incentives in the financial market for debtors and creditors alike. They fear potential risks for fiscal policy and financial stability in Germany and recommend macroprudential measures beyond the Basel III framework and a beginning exit of the ECB from its unconventional monetary policy. Others warn against overburdening monetary policy. They find rather that effective financial market regulation and proper fiscal rules and institutions are required to secure financial market stability and the sustainability of public debt and that a premature exit from accommodating monetary policies would do more harm than good. They argue that monetary policy alone will not solve Europe’s problems. The differing recommendations are mainly based on differing assessments of the European business cycle.     

齐齐哈尔地区实现金融富农的金融服务创新路径分析

随着齐齐哈尔新农村建设的快速推进,金融富农的新理念和新形势对积极的财税政策、农村金融产品和服务方式创新提出了迫切的要求.但齐齐哈尔在支农金融服务中还存在着农村信用社涉农资金归口工作没有得到根本解决以及经营环境的信用状况和维权状况需改善,农业银行支农贷款发放和管理难度较大,支农贷款担保方式单一等问题.推进农村金融服务创新的路径是:加大财政税收对金融富农的支持力度;提高金融服务水平;创新"三农"贷款营销和管理模式;广开风险转移渠道;加强银政沟通,开发新型金融机构,形成支持"三农"工作的合力.     

积极财政政策转型与经济增长

近两年来,有关积极财政政策是否应该淡出问题讨论非常激烈。从积极财政实施的时间来看,该政策已经由短期政策转变为中期政策。通过分析当前经济中存在的一些危机现象,认为积极财政政策在一些方面的作用已经减弱。同时,由于积极财政政策在我国实施时间较长,受其它因素的抑制和依赖,又决定该政策此时不宜淡出。因此,为适应经济发展的需要,积极财政政策应该而且必须转型,即转型为稳健的积极财政政策。     

论财政发展观的创新

本文以我国新的历史发展阶段为背景,提出财政发展现应与时创新的观点.这些观点涉及如何看待财政体制改革的历史过程、如何理解财政的积极性、如何认识在发展中解决财政问题的重要性、如何完成1998年以来积极财政的转型等方面.财政发展现的创新对于落实党的十六届三中全会<决定>有关财政工作的要求,具有总揽的意义.     

The output effect of fiscal consolidation plans

We show that the correct experiment to evaluate the effects of a fiscal adjustment is the simulation of a multi-year fiscal plan rather than of individual fiscal shocks. Simulation of fiscal plans adopted by 16 OECD countries over a 30-year period supports the hypothesis that the effects of consolidations depend on their design. Fiscal adjustments based upon spending cuts are much less costly, in terms of output losses, than tax-based ones and have especially low output costs when they consist of permanent rather than stop-and-go changes in taxes and spending. The difference between tax-based and spending-based adjustments appears not to be explained by accompanying policies, including monetary policy. It is mainly due to the different responses of business confidence and private investment.