国际大宗商品价格传导机制的结构特征与路径特征

本文采用中价国际价格(现价)指数作为国际大宗商品价格指标,通过区别农产品大宗商品价格和生产资料大宗商品价格,突出了国际大宗商品价格传导的结构特征;通过构建价格传导链条的上游、中游和下游,突出了国际大宗商品价格传导的路径特征,并在此基础上,构建基于Johansen协整检验的向量误差修正模型(VEC),全面揭示出当前国际大宗商品价格传导效应的存在性及其传导过程中的结构特征和路径特征。     

国际谷物价格波动对中国经济的影响研究

运用有向无环图(DAG)方法并结合基于SVAR模型的脉冲响应和预测方差分解方法分析国际大宗谷物价格波动对中国经济的传导途径及其效应。研究发现,国际食品价格波动影响国内消费物价水平和工业产出的传导途径不明显,其波动只能直接传导到国内的农副产品购进价格,进而直接或间接通过影响国内工业品出厂价格传导到国内消费物价水平,为中国治理通货膨胀提供了理论依据。     

国内外农产品价格传导路径

对国内外农产品价格及其涨幅进行了对比分析。从国际农产品价格、国际原油价格向国内农产品价格传导的角度,利用结构方程模型探讨了国内外农产品价格的传导路径。结果显示:国际农产品价格对国内农产品价格具有直接的传导效应,国际原油价格对国内农产品价格具有间接的传导效应,国内货币政策对国内农产品价格的间接影响较为显著。     

国际大宗商品价格波动与国内通货膨胀——基于中国数据的实证分析

中国对国际大宗商品的巨大需求决定了其价格波动对国内物价有重要影响。国际大宗商品价格的上涨引起国内通货膨胀的本质是“成本上升型”通货膨胀。国际大宗商品波动在国内传导主要通过直接消费渠道、生产渠道和间接渠道,间接渠道又可细化为预期渠道、联动渠道和扩散渠道。在比较国内外商品价格指数的基础上,本文以中国的数据为基础,建立了进口大宗商品价格指数（缩写为ICPI）。并以CPI、ICPI、产出缺口和货币供应量构建计量模型,得出：货币供应量对我国通货膨胀的影响最大,产出缺口次之,ICPI再次之;但如果考虑到ICPI的波动幅度远大于货币供应量和产出缺口的变化,那么ICPI对CPI的影响可以与产出缺口和货币供应量相提并论。     

国际大宗商品价格会影响我国CPI吗——基于BVAR模型的分析

研究表明国际商品价格会显著影响我国CPI。因此,在制定调控物价的措施时,应关注国际大宗商品价格因素对我国价格水平的影响,其中尤其需要关注国际原材料价格的变动。此外,价格传导机制具有滞后性,因而防范通胀比治理通胀更重要。     

中国价格传导机制在2004年9月至2009年10月间的实证分析

文章在对近年国内价格传导过程实证的文献研究的基础上,考察了中国2004年9月以来的价格传导机制,经过实证研究发现,中国当前的价格传导机制已经发生了重大的改变,即上中游产品价格指数的变动向下游产品价格指数的变动传导受阻,而出现了下游产品价格指数的变动向上中游产品价格指数的变动传导的趋势。     

真是过剩流动性引发了中国的通货膨胀吗

2010年7月以来,中国的CPI屡创新高,面临越来越大的通胀压力。社会普遍认为,此次通胀的形成归结于2009年以来中国人民银行流动性的过度投放,故而为控制通胀需紧缩流动性的呼声很高。本文基于1998年1月到2011年4月的月度同比数据,利用SVAR模型分析了中国通货膨胀增长率、国际大宗商品价格和过剩流动性之间的关系。结果表明,流动性过剩对中国通货膨胀增长的冲击非常小,而国际大宗商品价格变动对通胀增长有更大、更持续的正向冲击。国际大宗商品价格变动对中国通胀增长率的影响,远远大于过剩流动性对通胀的影响。     

基于历史视角的大宗商品价格周期变化分析

本文以历史数据为依据,使用现今技术去分析大宗商品的实际价格走势,在进行相关性分析之后,发现大宗商品的价格仅存在四个(超级)周期,其中非石油类、石油类周期价格和国际经济周期间变化能够保持相同.而大宗商品呈现出的周期性变化,令中国经济面临着严峻挑战,故要提出可行性对策进行应对.本文从历史的视角对大宗商品的价格数据进行集中式分析,以总结出价格产生的周期性变化.     

关于国际市场变化对国内企业影响的思考

随着世界政治经济形势的发展,国际市场发生了较大变化,中国作为最大的发展中国家,外向型经济发展使之与世界市场的联系越发紧密。国际市场大宗商品价格上涨对国内企业生产成本具有直接的传导效应;国际市场需求减少,影响了国内企业产品出口增量、产品价格、利润空间,导致国内出口企业经营困难;国际经济环境变化也进一步给国内企业带来困难。     

货币供应量、大宗商品价格超调对CPI的影响 ——基于协整检验和VEC模型

本文研究了中国货币供给变动对大宗商品价格和CPI的影响,以及货币供给冲击下大宗商品价格波动对CPI的影响.在VAR模型基础上建立误差修正(VEC)模型,得到各变量的长期稳定关系,并通过脉冲响应和方差分解从响应幅度和反应时间上对研究内容进行实证分析,提出对我国货币政策、大宗商品价格与物价调控的相关对策建议.     

A key determinant of commodity price Co-movement: The role of daily market liquidity

Daily price co-movement across different commodity classes and its key determinant are investigated in this paper. Using co-integration and Granger causality analysis, we identify a common liquidity factor which drives prices of five commodities (oil, silver, gold, corn, live cattle) to move along a common trend. When the market becomes more (less) liquid, all commodity prices tend to move up (down) in the same direction. As a result, such liquidity-driven price co-movement across different commodity classes is likely to generate aggregate price shocks and amplify inflation volatility. As a practical implication of our findings, policy makers ought to be able to draw valuable lessons from monitoring daily commodity liquidity dynamics as a timely bellwether for incipient inflation and to more effectively control inflation risk.     

Cross market predictions for commodity prices

This paper shows that commodity prices can be predicted from cross-market information by establishing long-run cross-market commodity price equilibrium models, which are characterized by a linear relation between prices across different markets. Using data from five representative commodity markets (oil, copper, gold, corn, and cattle) during the period 2005–2018, we demonstrate that oil and industrial metal markets have formed a long-run price equilibrium with other markets across different commodity families. However, agriculture and gold markets do not tend to have long-run price equilibrium relations with other commodity markets. Furthermore, we show that the absence of a price equilibrium is due to the cross-market liquidity interference effect. After we control for the liquidity effect, long-run cross-market commodity price equilibrium relations are reestablished for agriculture and gold markets. These results can aid in demonstrating that liquidity can capture most of the missing information that is not reflected in price dynamics in less liquid markets, such as agriculture and gold markets. Therefore, less liquid commodity price predictions require both prices and liquidity levels from cross-markets, while liquid commodity prices (oil and metal) can be predicted based solely on cross-market prices.     

Common dynamic factors in driving commodity prices: Implications of a generalized dynamic factor model

Identification of the price drivers of commodity prices is difficult because economic indicators reflect commodity prices with lead or lag, and some commodities have spillover effects to other commodities. A generalized dynamic factor model is capable of accounting for these characteristics and can be applied to panel data of monthly returns of a vast variety of commodities. The empirical results indicate that four common dynamic factors exist that account for much of the variation in the commodity returns. The identification of the common dynamic factors is conducted by interchangeably creeping an economic indicator into the commodity return panel data and examining the ratio of variance explained by the common factors. The four common factors correspond to the U.S. inflation rate, the world industrial production, the world stock index, and the price of crude oil.     

A Bayesian Nonparametric Investigation of the Predictive Effect of Exchange Rates on Commodity Prices

This study proposes a full Bayesian nonparametric procedure to investigate the predictive power of exchange rates in relation to commodity prices for three commodity-exporting countries: Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. We propose a new time-dependent infinite mixture of a normal linear regression model of the conditional distribution of the commodity price index. The mixing weights follow a set of Probit stick-breaking priors that are time-varying. We find that exchange rates have a positive predictive effect in general, but accounting for time variation does not improve forecasting performance. By contrast, the intercept in the regression and the lagged dependent variable show signs of parameter change over time in most cases, which is important in forecasting both the mean and the density of commodity prices one period ahead. The results also suggest that the variance is a large source of the time variation in the conditional distribution of commodity prices.     

特征价格模型的发展应用研究

特征价格模型因为其完美的理论思想而成为国际上普遍使用的分析异质品价格和特征关系的主要方法.本文通过对国外核心期刊上一百五十二篇特征价格法相关文献的检阅,梳理了国内外特征价格模型及指数编制的研究现状,对特征价格模型的功能进行了总结性定位,认为特征价格模型的功能主要在于:异质品价格指数的编制,异质品价格预测、价值评估或产品定价,异质品价格影响因素分析,非市场因素的经济效应的检验及对传统经济学模型的改进五方面.文章最后以住宅为例,归纳总结了特征价格法在研究应用中存在的主要问题:一是市场细分;二是特征变量选择和量化;三是模型形式选择;四是模型估计方法的研究;五是指数编制中的问题.这些研究对象为未来特征价格的研究提供了可行参考.     

Demand system estimation in the absence of price data: an application of Stone-Lewbel price indices

This article evaluates the feasibility of estimating a system of demand equations in the absence of price information using the approach developed by Lewbel (1989). Stone-Lewbel (SL) price indices for commodity groups are constructed using information on the budget shares and the Consumer Price Indices (CPIs) of the goods comprising the commodity groups, which allows for household-level prices to be recovered. This study evaluates how susceptible are elasticities and marginal effects estimates from traditional parametric demand systems to the CPI used in the construction of the SL prices. To do this, three alternative regional CPIs are considered for the construction of the SL prices: monthly, quarterly and a constant (unity) price index. Elasticities and marginal effect estimates are computed for eight food commodity groups using the Exact Affine Stone Index (EASI) model as the parametric demand system and data from the United States Consumer Expenditure Survey. The estimates proved to be robust to the alternative regional CPIs considered in the construction of SL price indices, even to the absence of one. Hence, the results suggest that it is possible to accurately estimate a demand system even in the absence of price information.     

Market power in distribution and pass‐through for consumers and producers

We examine the differential pass‐through of import prices into consumer and producer prices. We develop a framework with distribution costs and distribution market power. We then examine pass‐through from import prices to consumer and producer prices in the euro area using the U.S. import price as instrument. We find that pass‐through rates to producer prices are more sensitive to changes in distribution margins than pass‐through to consumer prices. Furthermore, only a portion of import price changes translate into domestic price changes limiting potential consumer benefits from tariff liberalization, with market power in distribution services being one important factor reducing pass‐through.     

Consumption opportunities and the real value of the external debt

Developing countries have, in the period since the oil shock of 1973–1974, built up large external indebtedness. At the same time world inflation has in good part eroded the real value of existing debts. But the measurement of the inflation effects on real debt depend critically on which among a number of deflators is selected. The deflators proposed in this context have traditionally been export prices, import prices or prices in world trade. This paper argues that the correct deflator is the domestic consumer price index. Using the consumer price index as a debt deflator it is readily shown that conventional results in trade theory are recovered in the presence of external indebtedness: The income effect of an export price increase is proportional to the level of exports, the income effect of an import price increase is proportional to the level of imports. Real income, using a comprehensive income measure, is equal to the value of domestic output less the real value of real interest payments on external debt.     

沪铜期货市场价格发现的动态贡献——基于状态空间模型的实证研究

商品期货价格与现货价格的相互关系一直是学术界研究的热点,但大都基于静态的模型。本文从期货定价的持有成本理论出发,通过误差修正方程构建状态空间模型,利用卡尔曼滤波算法从动态的角度研究了2004-2012年期间我国沪铜期货市场价格发现的贡献。实证结果显示:2004-2012年,我国沪铜期货市场价格发现的贡献随着时间的变化而变化。2004-2008年逐步增强;2008年金融危机后,逐步下滑,到2010年,落后于现货市场;之后又有回升趋势。总体来看,沪铜期货市场在价格发现中处于主导地位,但具有明显的波动性。     

城镇化、区域发展不均衡与房地产价格*

现阶段,城镇化和由于区域发展不均衡所引起的人口流动对我国房价影响显著,但现有文献对该问题较少涉及,本文针对该问题进行了研究。本文首先分别从房地产市场的需求和供给出发建立模型,推导出均衡房价的决定方程,从理论上推演了各省份农村居民和外省份人口需求对本省份城镇房价的影响。在此基础上,本文对我国各省份城镇化和区域间人口流动对房价的影响进行了实证检验。研究发现：我国居民收入的提高、快速发展的城镇化进程和由于收入、福利以及基础设施在区域间分布的不均衡而引起的人口跨区域流动都在很大程度上推高了我国房价;后两者是我国房价收入比与发达国家相比偏高于发达国家的重要原因;城镇化和跨区域人口流动是我国东部地区房价上涨和房价收入比扩大的主要动力,但跨区域人口流动在中部地区,以及城镇化在西部地区对二者的影响均不显著。