农业企业生态承载力评价方法研究

农业企业生态承载力理论研究是对农业企业复合生态系统深入认识的重要手段,也是建立农业企业生态系统健康评价理论方法体系的基础性工作。根据农业企业生态承载力的内涵及层次特点,从生态系统弹性力、资源环境承载力及生态系统压力三个方面提出了对其进行量化的研究方法。在对实例农业企业承载力量化研究结果数据拟合分析的基础上,对研究农业企业的生态承载状况和发展趋势进行探讨。     

洞庭湖平原区农业生态系统的能值分析与可持续发展

利用能值分析理论对湖南洞庭湖平原区2007—2011年农业生态系统的能值投入和产出状况、环境承载力和生态系统运行效果进行描述、分析,在此基础上对该区域农业生态系统的运行特征和可持续发展状况作出评价。结果显示:该区域农业生态系统能值产出率相对较高,可持续发展能力相对较强,但工业辅助能值的增加对生态环境造成了较大压力。因此,应调整其能值投入、产出结构,大力发展高效生态农业,加大农业科技的研究和推广力度,促进其农业可持续发展。     

区域创新生态系统：知识基础与理论框架

区域创新生态系统是区域创新研究的新范式，但当前关于区域创新系统理论基础和概念框架的研究尚不清晰。系统梳理区域创新相关理论演化过程，对比产业集群、创新网络、区域创新系统和区域创新生态系统之间的区别。基于创新生态理论，指出区域创新生态系统的概念内涵、主要特点和政策含义。作为不同创新种群之间实现价值共创的自组织系统，区域创新生态系统具有邻近性、多样性、自组织和开放性等特征。在理论分析的基础上，提出我国区域创新生态系统构建的政策含义，可为区域高质量发展提供理论借鉴。     

京津地区农业生态经济调整方针

一、区域生态系统的类型与关系京津区域有三大类型的生态系统:天然生态系统、农业生态系统和城市工业生态系统。这三类生态系统相互联系、相互作用,它们的关系主要表现为: 1.能量、物质与信息的流通关系:能量与物质流通的路径大体是天然生态系统——农业生态系统——城市工业生态系统。     

区域技术创新生态系统健康评价研究

根据生态系统健康理论,提出了区域技术创新生态系统健康的内涵及评价方法,并对生态系统健康评价的评价指标权重及评价标准进行了研究.在此基础上,对苏州科技园区的健康状况进行了评价.     

试论农业生态系统与农业经济系统的关系及其管理

农业系统包含有两个子系统,即农业生态系统和农业经济系统。这种认识在理论界以及生产实际中得到了广泛承认。然而,这种认识的历史毕竟较短,有关的理论方法都需要进一步完善,还有很多急待解决的问题。本文准备在这两个系统的关系以及管理上做一初步探讨。一、农业生态系统与农业经济系统的概念农业生态系统与农业经济系统不仅是农业系统的子系统,而且,又各为生态系统和经济的子系统。二者均以各自的理论和方法为基础,并利用系统的观点,解释和研究同一个对象-农业。在研究农业系统时,很难孤立地只研究某一个子系统。即便研究,也只局限于     

核电产业创新生态系统协同演化机制——基于哈肯模型的实证研究

核电产业为我国提升自主创新能力、维护能源安全的重点产业。利用哈肯模型对核电创新生态系统演化机制进行实证研究,将核电产业特征与创新生态系统理论相结合,构建核电产业创新生态系统,明晰了核电创新生态系统架构,并以三个子系统为衡量核电产业创新生态系统发展趋势和水平的状态变量,对其进行指标细分,根据2010—2022年的行业发展数据,构建系统演化运动方程,并分析核电产业创新生态系统的稳定性、发展趋势、演化动力和协同度。结果表明,核电产业目前趋向系统稳定点,创新研发子系统对核电产业创新生态系统的演化方向和进程起支配作用;同时,创新研发子系统对创新运营和创新支持子系统的促进作用仍待加强;核电产业创新生态系统协同度呈逐渐上升的趋势,产业正趋向新的发展阶段。     

区域创新生态系统可持续运行建设路径研究

基于区域创新生态系统理论,联合生态系统可持续性特征,对区域创新生态系统可持续运行内涵与影响要素进行理论阐释,以我国内地31个省市为样本,运用模糊集定性比较分析（fsQCA）方法,结合可持续创新种群结构、可持续能力和可持续创新潜力3个维度,重点探究区域创新生态系统高水平可持续运行建设路径。根据维度要素的不同组合构型,归纳出4条区域创新生态系统实现高水平可持续运行的建设路径;相对于其它要素,创新种群新颖性与政府创新投入对系统高水平可持续运行更重要。研究结论有助于拓展区域创新生态研究视角,为不同地区优化创新生态系统、提高系统可持续运行水平和实现高质量发展提供参考。     

生态学视野下区域物流主体秩序与行为模式研究

区域物流可持续发展本质上体现在“活”的适应性物流主体间协调与合作,通过聚集耦合,创建一种和谐共生秩序,形成一种多主体共生耦合的组织生态系统.依据组织生态学理论,对区域物流微观主体类型构成和特性进行分析,基于区域物流主体迁移和演变规律研究了区域物流微观主体的生态位及生态秩序形成机理,进而运用多主体建模理论探索了区域物流微观主体具体行为模式与运作过程,为认识区域物流生态系统自组织行为、复杂适应性和演化机制的基础.     

生态系统健康与农业可持续发展

生态系统健康已成为生态学一个热点研究领域,目前关于生态系统健康的概念很多,许多学者分别从不同的角度对生态系统健康概念进行了阐述。农业可持续发展和农业生态系统健康是同一层面的意思,一个健康的农业生态系统或者说一个可持续发展的农业体系应具有良好的生态环境、健康的农业生物、合理的时空结构、清洁的生产方式,以及具有适度的生物多样性和持续的农业生产力。文章论述了生态系统健康和农业可持续发展的内涵,提出了相应的评价指标体系,并指出研究生态系统健康和农业可持续发展还应该重视农业生态学的研究和应用。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Planned adaptation in risk regulation: An initial survey of US environmental, health, and safety regulation

In principle, we want regulatory programs to be based on current realities, as reflected for example in the best knowledge of relevant experts. That would imply that old rules now on the books should be consistent with today's knowledge base, not just what was known when a rule or standard was originally set. This paper reports on a survey of US programs, examining how often existing rules are actually updated in light of better knowledge, and identifies five programs that attempt to make policy routinely adaptive. These programs exhibit what we term Planned Adaptation: they both revise rules when relevant new knowledge appears, and take steps to produce such improved knowledge. While Planned Adaptation is rare, it is used in several nationally prominent programs, including air pollution, airplane safety, and drug safety. Planned Adaptation is a policy tool that deserves more attention.     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

Information infrastructure: Who builds broadband networks?

This paper examines the essential difference between the U.S. and Japan, when one considers information infrastructure. There are seven perception gaps between the U.S. and Japan concerning Information Infrastructure policies. These gaps must be understood in order to compare the countries' governmental policies in this area. In looking at the present circumstances, the essential question to answer concerns who is to build, own and operate the network(s) of the infrastructure. Liberalization is certain to be a central factor in the ongoing telecommunications debates. Now that customers have had a taste of the liberalized market-place, the movement toward more open markets will be difficult to stop. When considering options, it is necessary to pay close attention to standardized network access and the increasingly important role software plays. These issues are causing us to take a new approach to the traditional role played by regulators. They also force a closer look at the appropriate structure of utility companies. This paper addresses the above issues in hopes of stimulating dialog on the new telecommunications infrastructure paradigm.     

海岛地区产业演替及资源基础分析--以舟山群岛为例

改革开放以来,舟山市产业构成发生了显著变化,其经济发展过程可以划分为三个阶段。1992年前,是以产业结构渔业占绝对地位的单一结构阶段;1993—1998年,以旅游业为主的第三产业快速发展阶段;上世纪末以来,又进入了新一轮的经济发展时期,即工业产值比重快速增加阶段。根据海岛的自然资源基础和特点,在新世纪的经济发展过程中,舟山市应定位为生态型的港口旅游城市。以港口及临港工业为主导,以海岛旅游和海洋经济为特色,大力发展第二产业和第三产业。海岛地区的主导产业应体现海岛资源优势及区位优势,以集群性环保型产业为主。同时由于海岛地区淡水资源缺乏,主导产业也应着重选择低耗水型产业。     

风险视角下企业治理结构和研发创新——基于委托代理模型的研究

本文基于委托代理模型,从风险的视角研究企业治理结构对研发创新能力的影响。本文构建了一个包含创新活动的委托代理模型进行理论分析,利用动态DEA 模型测算创新能力,并使用2015-2018年我国上市制造业企业数据进行实证检验。实证部分检验了理论结论:委托代理问题不利于企业提升研发创新能力,且客观风险和主观风险厌恶会加剧该负面影响。基于此,本文认为上市企业应根据企业自身研发活动特点有针对性地改善企业治理结构,提出了适当延长代理人任期、推动股权激励计划、提升代理人的风险承担能力等建议。