Theory of the degree of trust： Toward to the economy of trust The new paradigm

Each company has to reopen different new methods and means in order to maintain high degree of competitive power on the market. The theory of trust developed by the author on the ground of his observations of many years on the market and formed respectively in theory and laws and practices to be applied in the contemporary life of every company, acting on the market have been presented. The theory gives every company concrete decisions to reach a better competitive power on the market in the globalization. The described below theory of degree of trust was developed by Dobrev, M. as a president of consulting company ＂D＆M Dobrev Consulting House＂ （Dobrev, M., 1993）for analysis and trading.     

Enhancing direct regional agro-aqua tourism entrepreneurial marketing by farmers＇ market or community supported agriculture in small and medium agro marketing enterprises in Malaysia

The purpose of this study is attempting to examine the feasibility application of the concept of enhancing the Direct Regional Agriculture, Aquaculture and Tourism Entrepreneurial Marketing （DRAATEM） and the Small and Medium Agro Marketing Enterprises （SMAMEs） in Malaysia. This collaborative marketing concept will solve the local agro-aqua and tourism fraternities＇ plight where they are constantly preyed by the marketing scavengers or middleman and the possibility of entrepreneurial ventures by the farmers themselves. The methodology used is to determine the feasibility of Direct Regional Agro-Aqua and Tourism Entrepreneurial Marketing （DRAATEM） in SMAMEs that comprising local farmers in agriculture, aquaculture and its association, Ministry of Agriculture （agencies including district agriculture department, irrigation department, FAMA） and Tourism Industry （local tourist agencies and operator）. Local agro-aqua farmers＇ demographic factors （gender, race, academic level, knowledge and experiences of agro and aqua） will also examine to determine the feasibility of Direct Regional Agro Aqua Tourism Entrepreneurial Marketing concept. This study found that, there is a significant difference among factors stated with the enhancing of Direct Regional Agro Aqua Tourism Marketing Entrepreneurial concept in the Small and Medium Agro Aqua Tourism Marketing Enterprise management. The initiatives and eagerness to be successful in this concept depend on the inter-relatedness and collaborative of the tri-party of agro-aqua and tourism fraternities which constitute to the improving of their income, livelihood and generate national economy. In addition, the leadership quality of local farmer＇s cooperative, networking facility and agro-aqua knowledge are another three essential factors found to be the strong fundamental of improving the income and livelihood of local farmers. The implication of this study is upgrading of farmers income and livelihood minus the role of middleman by enhancing Direct Regional Agro-Aqua Tourism Entrepreneurial Marketing concept which is a pivotal role in managing agro sector effectively. This could contribute since agriculture is considered as the third engine of growth in the Malaysian economy. The devised models could be used to achieve the goal. As well as to provide further groundwork to assist existing and would be agro managers; entrepreneurs or agro-agencies to upgrade farmers＇ income and generate country＇s economy by enhancing Direct Regional Agro-Aqua Tourism Entrepreneurial Marketing （DRAATEM） concept in Small and Medium Agro Marketing Enterprises （SMAMEs）.     

The moral legalization analysis in our country

the moral legalization is a controversial topic, but the proper moral legalization has become a consensus. China Is in the period of social transition, the moral anomie problem has become the wounds of the state and society, through analyzing the problems existing in the moral legalization at the present stage,.pmposed to follow the tradition and reality, try to find the ethics which is suitable for our country, The cycle of the legislation, law enforcement and judicial will help the moral legalization, so as to create a more harmoniom society.     

Solidarity based economy： The success of work integration social firms in Spain

The work insertion social firms have grown in the last decade in Spain. The aim of this work is to help unemployees and workers with several problems （being in prison, drugs...） to start in ＂normalized＂ companies as workers. The aim of the paper is to analyze the success of work insertion social firms defined by social and commercial dimensions. Using a sample of 49 companies in Spain, the authors have developed an explanatory model in which the doubt about the success of these companies is explained. This paper seeks to analyze the main problems of the poor financial situation of companies that are based on social help. The work integration social enterprises could be a new entrepreneurship form that helps improving work skills of workers to be able to obtain a ＂normalized job＂.     

Target costing as a strategic cost management tool for success of balanced scorecard system

The precondition of gaining and sustaining competitive advantage for companies that operate today＇s competitive markets is the effective cost management. Since price is determined by the market, the ways of increasing profits are productivity and cost reduction. Balanced scorecard system is accepted by academicians and practitioners as an effective strategic management tool for applying the strategy successfully. In the financial perspective of the balanced scorecard system, cost reduction is a strategic objective. It is necessary that company＇s cost reduction strategy should not only be a reaction to the market, but also a continual strategy. The approach which aims to the reduction of costs that reveal along product life cycle and preset this aim at the design stage is target costing （TC）. TC can be used as an effective tool in BSC＇s financial perspective for the objective of cost reduction. In this study, the authors aim to display how to integrate the TC to BSC.     

Commitment,Communication, and Leadership Determine the Leader： A Qualitative Analysis of Businessperson Characteristics Practiced by SME and Family Business Directors

This article outlines the details of an empirical study into the perceptions of small and medium-sized enterprise （SME） directors regarding the concepts of communication and commitment to leadership style and the interpretation of these concepts by way of depth interviews. The commitment by SME directors is represented by the themes of emotional commitment, visibility, financial bond, and personality traits. The communication by SME directors is represented by the themes of empathy, type of information, reaction and personality of the communication. The concept of leadership in the SME sector is typically closely associated to the charismatic leadership and the theory of the inclusive leadership （IL） style. The IL is a representation and use of all of the represented leadership styles depends on a situation. This study can be described as an exploratory study, consisting of qualitative in-depth interviews that were conducted with 19 directors of SMEs in the Netherlands and a qualitative matrix method was utilised.     

Core decisional values and deciders demographic variables in Romanian organizauons

The present study attempts to build an exploratory model of leadership analysis, based on which the organizational leaders and managers can answer three critical questions for leadership practice： （1） Which are the core decisional values the top management should take into account when adopting critical decisions？ （2） Which latent attitudes （constructs or factors） might generate these values in CEOs＇ and followers＇ behavior？ （3） Do the latent attitudes differ with the respondents＇ gender, age and educational background？ The research belongs to the field of value based leadership theories. The data is collected from a sample of 94 CEOs and 599 direct followers from three complex fields of activity： mining and forestry, manufacturing and construction, respectively, services. The main outcomes are： （1） The most important decisional values should be （in order）： customer satisfaction, firm＇s profitability, product/service quality, sales volume growth and cost control; （2） These values are generated by the following latent attitudes （of CEOs and followers）： social responsibility for community and environment; ethical responsibility for minorities and women; market performance responsibility and, respectively, responsibility for employees and customers; （3） Market performance responsibility significantly differs according to respondents gender; social responsibility for community and environment significantly differs with respondents age, while both types of responsibility significantly differ according to respondents educational background. It seems that ethical responsibility for minorities and women and, respectively, responsibility for employees and customers are not influenced by respondents＇ demographic variables.     

A Study on Current and Future Guanxi Networks of China

Despite the abundant opportunities are presented by Chinese market, many foreign practitioners have commented that operating in China is more complex and time consuming than necessary, and of the 53 companies interviewed by Hong Kong＇s Bank of East Asia, 42% were reported not to be profitable （Economist Intelligence Union （EIU）, 1995）. Given the fact that China＇s potential as a market is unparalleled, while many foreign business practitioners have commented that operating in China is difficult to be profitable, and it is more complex and time consuming than it is necessary （Ewing, Garuana ＆ Wong, 1999）, a large number of researches on doing business hi China recogniZe the concept of Guanxi, a business relationship network, as the key for conducting successful business in China This study co llectsboth primary data and secondary data to explore the issues of Guanxi. The review on the secondary data helps to build the analysis techniques and study instruments. A survey questionnaire is developed after the study on the secondary data, and the primary data is collected from the surveys, which are faxed to sample groups in both Taiwan and Mainland China. The study on the Mainland China senior managers is to find the current Guanxi concept of China, while the Taiwan senior manager group and the Mainland China college student group are chosen to explore the future Guanxi changes. By using statistical techniques of the mean and standard deviation calculations, the t-test for two samples with equal variances, and the correlation test, the findings of this study help to answer the critical questions concerning the study objectives. The practical interpretation and implications of this study of Guanxi are gained from the summary of the statistical results. A conclusion and recommendations of this study on the Guanxi concepts are presented to business practitioners both inside and outside of China.     

Cost Effectiveness Analyses Models in the Defence System in Republic Bulgaria

The thesis resulting from the research on the ＂costs-effects＂ relation is the principle of economic efficiency of defence capabilities. At first glance, the arguments in this direction are well-known and popular in crisis situations of various nature, including the current financial and economic crisis in the country, and the question about the cost of public welfare-security and defence is debatable. This cost is manifested through the defence capabilities of a country. In the new security environment, the compilation of a national defence strategy is a priority of the Defence Ministry, which has more and more limited resources. This means that they should be treated as an economic activity. An economic activity is considered as any purposeful activity, allocating and combining scarce resources among alternatives, making it possible to maximize the outcomes and minimize costs. The ratio between the costs and benefits of a given resource or combination of resources to achieve a pre-defined objective is pushed to the forefront and the rationalization of management decisions is based on it. This necessitates a cost effectiveness analysis, hence the evaluation of the outcomes （benefits） is manifested in the ＂cost-effect （benefit）＂ analysis. Defence as a product has the basic features of any commodity or service, i.e. it is designed for exchange, is useful, and meets certain needs. But due to the fact that it meets very specific needs （,preservation of the territorial integrity of the country and improving its national security）, it is distinguished by certain features which may be summarized as follows： collectivity of production and consumption of defence as a product necessary to the public, expressed by its consumption indivisibility; lack of market valuation of the price of defence as a product upon its consumption （as a monetary expression of its value）; the usefulness of defence as a product is reflected in its capacity to meet the system＇s needs for security and defence, which dete     

Tragedy Elements of Hemingway's Works

A Farewell To The Arms is a typical tragedy, however, most of his works have some color oftragedy-although the result of these works are not so tragic as the result of A Farewell To The Arms. With Hemingway＇ s direct and ruthless depiction, we can feel the sad color of his characters. We cannot help to be sympathetic or sigh toward Jordan or Santiago by the effect Hemingway created in his works. The tragedy factor concludes three aspects： tragedy characters, tragedy conflicts and tragedy effects. In order to explain this topic, I analysized some typical works of Hemingway from the aspects of the main characters---male and female; the conflict of the main characters＇ spirit and moral; the effect of the writing means or style to make the work tragic.     

Socialism Market Economy： Innovations on the Way Which Brings China to Prosperity

Only when a country creates a unique market economy pattern that is suitable for its own, will it be able to head for prosperity. China has created its socialist market economy pattern. From the history of the social development pattern of major countries and areas in the world, this paper expounds and proves the scientific character of innovations on the way which brings China into prosperity; forecasts and differentiates China＇s three development stages in the future according to the appraisal index; and finally concludes that in order to complete the first stage, that is the transforming transition period, transformation of four patterns must be done.     

The law of promotion with prize fund --The most successful strategy in the current worldwide economic crisis

Each company has to reopen different new methods and means in order to maintain high degree of competitive power on the market in the period of economic crisis today. The described and developed method and procedure by the author give every company concrete decisions to reach a better competitive power on the market in the globalization and mostly in the economic worldwide crisis today. The described method sand procedures below was developed by the author 1993 as a president of consulting company ＂D ＆ M Dobrev Consulting House＂ for analysis, trading.     

New Conglomerates and the Ecosystem Advantage

It is the purpose of this paper to explore the emergence of a new form of web-based company and how the new organisational form is able to access multiple-markets and industries by exploiting the benefits of a platform ecosystem business model. Internet-based companies such as Amazon, Google, Facebook, and Apple were referred to as the ＂Gang of Four＂ in May, 2011, by Eric Schmidt, Executive Chairman of Google. These 21st century companies are leading an internet-based consumer revolution which is having a disruptive impact on a broad range of industries and markets. Using their platform-based ecosystems, the internet-based corporations are able to leverage these core competencies and enter industries that appear unrelated to their core businesses. This has given rise to a new form of conglomerate business model that contrasts with the Western industrial conglomerates of the 1960s and early 1970s. Most of these corporations were broken-up in the early 1980s and the remaining core businesses resorted to focused strategies. The paper also analyses why the new internet-based firms do not follow the positioning school of strategy and seek monopolistic rents--profits arising from market power--by locating in attractive industries. Instead, these firms leverage core competencies and achieve Ricardian economic rents--profits arising from superior resources--through strategies of stretch and leverage. By adopting a core competency tree configuration, a core competency platform is leveraged which allows the internet-based firms to enter multiple markets using asset-light business models. This new form of competitive advantage is based on having a superior ecosystem that uses data as the key resource instead of capital; capital being the main resource underpinns the success of the traditional Western conglomerates of the 1960s and early 1970s.     

Resilient and Inclusive Prosperity within Planetary Boundaries

The current model of economic growth generated unprecedented increases in human wealth and prosperity during the 19th and 2Oth centuries. The main mechanisms have been the rapid pace of technological and social innovation, human capital accumulation, and the conversion of resources and natural capital into more valuable forms of produced capital. However, there is evidence emerging that this model may be approaching environmental limits and planetary boundaries, and that the conversion of natural capital needs to slow down rapidly and then be reversed Some commentators have asserted that in order for this to occur, we will need to stop growing altogether and, instead, seek prosperity without growth. Others argue that environmental concerns are low-priority luxuries to be contemplated once global growth has properly returned to levels observed prior to the 2008 financial crisis. A third group argues that there is no trade-off and, instead,, promotes green growth： the （politically appealing） idea is that we can simultaneously grow and address our environmental problems. This paper provides a critical perspective on this debate and suggests that asubstantial researc＇h agenda is required to come to grips with these challenges. One place to start is with the relevant metrics： measures of per-capitawealth, and, eventually, quantitative measures of prosperity, alongside a dashboard of other sustainability indicators. A public andpoliticalfocus on wealth （a stock）, and its annual changes, could realistically complement the current focus on market-based gross output as measured by GDP （a flow）. This could have important policy implications, but deeper changes to governance and business models will be required.     

The Information Content of Environmental Performance of the Companies Listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange Period 2010-2011

Information content is a meaningful information for users to make decision. If the information is effecting to users＇ decison. One of the information is the announcement of the environmental performance. This information is effecting to investor reaction. Indonesia experience many problems of environmental damage. Program Penilaian Peringkat Kinerja Perusahaan （PROPER） or Company Performance Rank Program as an environmental control tool released by Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup （KLH） or Environmental Ministry and government received good response from several parties. However, some research studied about the relationship of environmental performance and economic performance found unexpected result. This research attempts to analyze the effect of environmental performance to abnormal return by event study analysis technique before and after PROPER announcement. The observation period is 2010 and 2011. The sample used in 2010 is 30 companies; while in 2011 are 41 companies. Hypothesis used Wilcoxon Rank test with selected window is five days before and five days after the announcement. The result shows that, without rank categorization, there is no significant difference of abnormal retum before and after PROPER announcement in 2010, while there is a significant difference of abnormal return before and after PROPER announcement in 2011. By the rank categorization, in both of observation period, there is a significant different of abnormal retum before and after the company received good rank, while there is no significant difference of abnormal return before and after the company received bad rank. Hence, it is recommended to KLH and government to announce louder the PROPER result, mainly for the companies which received bad rank and make this program to be mandatory due to its urgencies.     

韩城市外贸煤焦运销股份合作公司

The company, formally known as Hancheng Foreign Economic and Trade Committee, a branch company of Hancheng Foreign Trade Corporation, was founded on Aug 26 1998. It has the qualification of an independent legal person＇s contract corporation. The company later applied to the Municipal Economic Commission and Foreign Trade Corporation, and was approved by the Government Structural Reform Group.     

Governance and Economic Development in Africa Since 1970s in Comparison with East Asian Countries

The central argument of the article is that bad governance has been both the source and the consequence of the economic underperformance of African countries. Economic development is the end to be achieved in a sustainable way and this cannot be guaranteed without strong institutions under the conditioning of good governance and if possible democracy. Thus, at the heart of achieving economic development as indicated by East Asian countries and some countries that are able to register economic development in Africa recently, such as Ethiopia and Rwanda among others, they are building the appropriate institutions and policies, which are key to the process of economic growth by affecting the incentives to accumulate, innovate, and accommodate change. The article compares and contrasts governance and economic development between Africa and East Asian countries. It also reflects the lessons learned from East Asian countries to bring rapid economic growth and development in Africa.     

Measuring the Quality of Life in the Workplace （QLW） Through Job Diagnostic Survey （JDS）： Comparative Study on Two Legal Nature Differentiated Organizations

The article presents a theoretical-empirical reflection about concepts, models, and practices of Quality of Life at Work （QLW） in organizations of different legal nature. The initial proposition of the research suggested that private organizations, that are more susceptible to competitive pressures in the market for resources and the uncertainties regarding the employability tend to have worse indicators of QLW than the public organizations that exhibit greater control over their influx of resources and greater stability in jobs that are offered. The literature review included the concepts and models of QLW as well as the characteristics and application methodology of the Job Diagnostic Survey （JDS）, and your score on Task Motivational Potential （TMP）, as instruments of evaluating the dimensional indicators of QLW in organizations. In methodological terms, we proceeded to a multiple case study comparative, supported by the application of the reduced version of JDS, through its questionnaire that has already been validated in previous studies in two organizations, a private foundation supporting university and a public company of electricity supply, both located in the State of Amazonas-Brazil. The research findings using the JDS instrument indicated failed to detect significant differences between the scores of TMP between the two organizations, nor any robust correlation between their respective legal personalities and environments of institutional performance. Nevertheless, the small differences found suggest a framework of indicators of QLW slightly more favorable to the foundation of university support.     

Implementing the Independent Director System in China: Issues and Considerations

Independent Directors (IDs), also known as outside directors or non-executive directors, are those who are independent of the company's shareholders and who hold no post in a joint-stock company. Unlike internal directors who are under the control of dominant shareholders and a company's leading group, IDs are in a position to play a favorable role for the company to independently judge and determine its business. The introduction of the ID system in the corporate