DEM分辨率对苏北地区耕地土壤有机碳制图精度的影响研究

目的 数字高程模型（Digital Elevation Model, DEM）的分辨率大小决定区域地貌形态特征的表达程度,但目前DEM对于局部地形变异大的平原地区土壤有机碳制图精度的影响尚不明确。方法 文章以江苏北部耕地区域为例,利用随机森林算法,建立不同分辨率DEM下的地形、气候、植被、土壤、成土母质与土壤有机碳之间的关系模型,分析DEM分辨率对局部地形变异大的平原区土壤有机碳制图精度的影响程度。结果 （1）不同DEM分辨率下,地形、气候、植被、土壤与成土母质5类因子对土壤有机碳含量的影响程度依次降低;（2）当DEM分辨率在大于150 m的范围内变化时,环境特征因DEM的“概化”而逐步缺失细节信息,从而导致土壤有机碳含量预测精度随分辨率的增加而降低;（3）地形是苏北耕地区域土壤有机碳空间分布差异的最重要影响因子。结论 DEM分辨率在60－90 m范围内时,整体平坦但局部地形变异程度较大的苏北地区土壤有机碳制图效果最佳。该研究为进一步提高我国相似地貌类型区土壤有机碳制图精度提供了理论依据。     

一对一单边匹配问题的机制设计

房屋市场匹配问题要求根据个体对物品的偏好,为每一个个体匹配一个尽可能满意的物品,使匹配具有互利性和稳定性。考虑在弱偏好序下的房屋市场匹配问题,基于TTC算法提出了一个改进的TTC算法,并证明了该算法满足个体理性和Pareto的有效性。     

中国国家矿山公园空间分布研究

运用GIS空间分析技术,探讨了我国国家矿山公园的空间分布特征,并分析影响矿山公园空间分布的因素。研究表明:中国72处国家矿山公园在空间上呈现集聚分布;空间分布不均,大部分国家矿山集中在东部和中部省份;分布的高密度地区为1个带状区域和3个块状区域;85%以上的国家矿山公园与区域中心城市的直线距离在100km以内。矿产资源禀赋条件、区域社会经济发展水平、拟建地政府部门和矿业企业的认知水平是影响国家矿山公园空间分布的主要因素。在今后国家矿山公园的审批与建设中,应考虑向资源枯竭型城市倾斜,公园的规划建设要与城市经济的转型发展相联系。     

基于DEM的西天山吐拉苏地区地貌特征提取方法的研究

对地貌信息的提取是研究新构造运动最基本和实用的方法之一。DEM是一种新兴的地貌特征信息提取工具,能进一步揭示研究区地貌特征,丰富研究区构造地貌研究的信息库内容。本文以吐拉苏地区为研究区域,采用DEM数据和Arc GIS空间分析技术,在对该区地貌形态的空间分析和线性地貌特征的提取的基础上,能够直观地进行坡度、水系以及地形起伏度的分析,进一步对吐拉苏地区构造带和断裂带的线性断裂构造进行提取与解译。本文通过对吐拉苏地区地貌特征的分析研究,最终实现了一种基于DEM的构造地貌的提取方法,进一步印证了研究区地貌特征与新构造运动的响应关系,为天山地区构造地貌演化提供了新的研究资料。     

基于萤火虫-支持向量机方法的粮粒内部米象龄期判别

研究并判别米象所处发育龄期,为粮食储藏及制定合理的粮虫防治措施提供科学依据。以对粮食危害最为严重的米象为研究对象,提取基于二值图像的侵染粒中虫道的二维形态学特征,侵染粒三维图像灰度值的基本统计特征及基于特征变换的纹理特征,与二维特征相结合,构建原始特征空间,应用优化算法选取最优特征组合,并利用萤火虫算法-支持向量机方法(FA-SVM)判别米象所处发育龄期,识别率达到95%以上,有效识别出米象所处发育龄期。     

无人机载框幅式高光谱影像的波段配准研究

[目的]高光谱成像技术在卫星遥感平台上由于飞行高度与技术限制等原因无法满足当前对于智慧农业与精准农业的需求,无人机平台的出现可以有效地弥补这一问题,给精细化、定量化研究农田信息提供数据支持。受平台稳定性,荷载能力等因素的制约,传统的推扫式高光谱成像仪不适用于无人机平台,而框幅式成像仪的应用前景较为广泛。但此类成像仪由于成像原理等因素的影响,获取的波段图像间存在姿态与位置差异,无法直接投入到后期应用中,在投入使用前需要进行波段配准。[方法]结合传统基于特征点的配准方法针对波段配准展开研究,对图像间灰度与位置差异对配准精度的影响进行了深入分析,针对传统的研究方法在匹配灰度存在非线性变换的图像上不足等问题,设计了两组匹配策略实验,分别为拍摄顺序的配准实验对比与波段顺序的配准实验对比。[结果]通过实验对比证明在引入拍摄顺序的变换基准的匹配策略下可以自动且稳定完成配准任务,此方法下配准精度可以达到亚像元级。[结论]文章所提方法兼顾了波段顺序与拍摄顺序,匹配结果可达亚像元级,是较优的匹配策略。     

华东地区矿山地质环境定量评价研究

根据华东地区各省矿山地质环境调查资料,从矿山区域条件、矿山开采对矿山地质环境的影响程度、矿山地质环境问题的发育程度、矿产资源开发规划、矿山生态环境恢复治理的难易程度等5个方面确定了影响矿山地质环境的指标体系,建立了矿山地质环境定量评价模型。该模型有16个评价指标,涵盖了影响矿山地质环境的各种因素。在GIS软件辅助与专家干预下,对16个评价指标逐一开展了评价工作,并在专家打分的基础上,运用层次分析法确定了各评价指标的权重值。根据各指标的评价结果及相应的权重值,计算得出总体评价的分值。在专家干预下利用MAPGIS软件编制了华东地区矿山地质环境评价图。经野外验证,评价结果与实际情况较为吻合。     

基于高分辨率遥感影像的桑树信息提取研究——以广西鹿寨县为例

采用高分辨遥感影像提取农作物信息在北方区域得到了深入的研究和广泛应用,但受到南方地形复杂、气候差异等条件的影响,采用遥感技术提取南方农作物信息的研究甚少。鉴于此,该文以广西鹿寨县为例,采用2012年9月的高分辨率Rapid Eye遥感影像为主要研究数据源,利用面向对象的遥感图像分析方法,结合高程数据模型DEM和GPS野外采集数据,综合桑树在遥感影像上的形状特征、颜色特征、光谱特征、纹理特征、位置特征(拓扑特征)提取桑树信息,并对其分类结果进行精度验证和评价。研究结果表明,提取桑树信息的总精度达到91.96%,Kappa系数达到0.839 1,满足使用的精度要求。面向对象的图像分析方法为高分辨率遥感图像信息提取农作物信息提供了新的思路,该方法与基于像元的分类技术相比,突破了过多地关注地物局部细节而难以提取地物的整体结构信息的缺陷,避免了"椒盐现象"的产生,有效地提高了农作物识别的精度和效率,这对提取广西大宗农作物信息具有一定的借鉴意义。     

基于无人机遥感可见光影像的农作物分类

[目的]无人机遥感具有高空间、高时间分辨率的优点,并可同时获得光谱和空间信息,因此在农作物分类中备受研究者的青睐。与侧重于从高分辨率RGB图像中提取纹理特征的分类方法不同,文章重点研究如何利用作物在光谱和空间维度上的联合特征尤其是作物高程特征,以实现农作物精细分类。[方法]首先,我们进行研究区域选择和地面实际情况调查,用无人机遥感系统进行可见光影像采集;其次,确定研究区域内农作物分类类别,分别对可见光遥感影像进行可见光植被指数计算及纹理滤波;针对数字表面模型(DSM)数据特点,对两期DSM数据进行差值处理,获得差异数字表面模型数据(DDSM),提取作物高度信息,并根据农作物冠层特性对差异数字表面模型进行滤波处理;最后,进行特征优选及组合,使用SVM方法进行农作物分类。[结果]确定最优分类特征为RGB、红波段对比度、绿波段二阶矩、蓝波段方差、DDSM、DDSM方差、DDSM对比度,分类精度由71.86%提高到92.30%,验证了由DSM影像提取的空间特征可以提高农作物分类精度。[结论]该研究探索了一种基于可见光及空间联合特征的农作物精细分类方法,方法简单可行,设备成本低,在基于无人机低空遥感的样方调查领域中有较大的应用前景。     

DEM插值误差的分布 及与地形因子的相关性研究 ——以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的试验为例

本研究采用ASTER-GDEM V2版的DEM高程数据,以黄土高原丘陵沟壑地貌区为试验区,运用交叉验证和相关性分析对插值误差的分布特性、高程误差与坡度、曲率误差的相关性进行研究。研究结果表明:高程误差的频率分布和空间自相关性程度与原始数据的密度和插值方法有关,当原始数据密度较低时,DEM误差表现出较强的空间自相关,频率分布也接近于高斯分布,随着数据密度增大,DEM误差的空间自相关性随之减弱,DEM误差分布呈现出更为明显的尖峰分布。从DEM全局来看,DEM误差与坡度比曲率有更强的相关性,且相关性随着数据密度减小呈现减弱趋势。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Evaluating Alternative Policy Responses to Higher World Food Prices: The Case of Increasing Rice Prices in Madagascar

Higher world food prices have led many developing countries to adopt policies to mitigate the impact on low-income households. This article sets out a partial equilibrium framework to evaluate the efficiency, distributional, and revenue implications of alternative policy responses. The model is applied to evaluate tariff reductions and targeted transfers in Madagascar. Although lowering tariffs generates substantial efficiency gains, these accrue mainly to the top half of the welfare distribution, and poor net sellers are actually worse off. Developing a system of targeted direct transfers to poor households is likely to be a substantially more cost-effective approach to poverty alleviation.     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。