非家族高管更加“患不均”？——家族企业CEO身份对高管薪酬差距的影响研究

文章通过衡量家族企业中CEO与非家族高管之间的薪酬差距,试图探讨非家族高管的激励问题。依据社会比较理论和锦标赛理论的不同解释逻辑,并基于家族高管与非家族高管的不同特点,文章首先考察影响高管薪酬差距的前因变量,提出非家族CEO与薪酬差距之间关系的竞争性假设,并探讨薪酬差距对企业绩效的影响作用。利用2009〖KG-*4〗-〖KG-*6〗2016年中国家族上市公司数据,研究发现,当非家族成员担任CEO时,CEO与非家族高管之间的薪酬差距减小;另外,薪酬差距与企业绩效呈负相关关系,说明非家族高管中“不均”的薪酬安排会影响企业绩效。综合来看,相比锦标赛理论,社会比较理论对解释家族企业CEO身份对其与非家族高管之间薪酬差距的影响更具预测力与解释力。     

上市公司管理者权力与高管薪酬行为研究

针对我国上市公司存在的"天价高管"现象,文章从实证研究的角度分析了管理层权力与高管薪酬的关系,首先采用熵权法构建管理层权力综合指标Power,然后在此基础上通过动态面板模型研究高管薪酬与Power之间的关系,研究发现,在管理层权力越大的上市公司中,高管的薪酬水平越高,从而证实了上市公司的高管存在以权谋私的动机和行为.     

企业业绩与高管薪酬的关系研究

随着委托代理理论的逐渐深化,越来越多的上市公司开始将高管薪酬与公司业绩挂钩,以解决管理层与所有者之间的利益冲突。高管薪酬的支付是否能为企业带来相应的业绩?将高管薪酬和企业业绩挂钩能否激励管理层?本文以2010年-2012年沪深A股上市公司为样本,实证检验了高管薪酬与企业业绩之间的相关性,研究表明高管薪酬和企业业绩之间存在显著的正相关关系,即业绩越好的企业,高管薪酬越高。     

高管薪酬与管理层权力、公司特征的相关性研究 ——基于上市港航企业面板数据的实证分析

基于2010-2014年我国23家沪深A股港航企业面板数据的实证分析,探究高管薪酬与管理层权力、公司特征的相关性.研究发现:港航企业高管薪酬最低值逐年提升,且企业间薪酬水平差距较大但不断缩小,五年间薪酬水平总体呈现先升后降态势;显著正向影响高管薪酬的因素分别是公司规模、每股收益、资产负债率,其中前两者影响程度很大,资产负债率影响程度微弱;管理层权力、公司成长性对高管薪酬的影响不显著.     

社会网络视角下的管理层权力与高管薪酬粘性——基于董事联结的调节效应

董事联结作为一种非正式的制度安排,是企业获取异质性信息和稀缺资源的重要渠道。本文基于社会网络关系视角,构建了公司层面的董事网络中心度,考察董事联结对管理层权力与高管薪酬粘性的作用机理。研究结果表明,管理层权力越大,高管薪酬粘性越强;董事网络中心度弱化了二者之间的关系,具有显著的负向调节效应。进一步区分联结强度后发现,内外部董事联结关系的强弱会对治理效应产生差异化影响,需要警惕内部董事的强联结关系存在正向调节效应而加剧高管薪酬粘性。以上发现意味着,网络位置与联结强度是影响董事联结治理效果的两大关键要素,董事联结的网络位置对管理层权力及薪酬粘性会产生重要的治理机制,但其作用的发挥同时需要依赖于内外部董事联结关系的强弱。     

内部审计与高管薪酬契约有效性——基于内部审计全流程监督视角

本文以2014—2017年我国A股上市中央企业为样本，基于内部审计全流程监督视角，从事前、事中、事后三个维度检验了内部审计对高管薪酬契约的影响。结果发现，内部审计事前资源投入、事中项目活动和事后意见反馈越多，高管薪酬业绩敏感性越高。进一步地，当外部审计监督力较弱、管理层权力较大时，内部审计对高管薪酬业绩敏感性的影响更加显著。此外，高质量的内部审计有助于降低管理层的超额薪酬与内部薪酬差距，反映了内部审计通过抑制高管过高薪酬有助于实现薪酬管制目标，然而，内部审计对降低高管薪酬粘性的作用较为有限。研究结果揭示了内部审计全过程监督对推动国有企业高管薪酬契约合理化的作用，丰富了内部审计发挥治理功能的相关研究。     

我国上市公司高管薪酬与企业绩效相关性研究

高管薪酬与企业绩效相关性的研究多年来一直是学者们研究的焦点,高管薪酬激励对管理层决策有一定的导向性。本文选取我国沪深A股上市公司2014年的截面数据,运用相关性分析法研究高管薪酬与企业绩效之间的关系。研究结果表明:我国大中型上市公司高管薪酬与企业绩效呈现出显著的相关性,因此建议高管薪酬机制的完善与提高应作为基础性的激励机制,以更好地带动其他方面的激励效果,从而提升企业绩效。     

高管薪酬公平性、薪酬增长与代理成本--来自我国上市公司的证据

本文在高管薪酬契约基础上,运用2005-2012年我国上市公司数据,从薪酬公平性的角度,分析并检验高管薪酬公平性对其薪酬增长及代理成本的影响。研究结果发现,当高管通过薪酬的社会比较,较低薪酬的高管与下一年度高管薪酬增长、资产周转率显著相关,高管薪酬公平性是造成我国上市公司高管薪酬不断增长的原因之一,并倾向性地增加了公司的代理成本,影响了激励效应。本文丰富和拓展了高管薪酬公平性激励效应的研究成果,为完善我国公司薪酬制度提供理论依据和指导。     

风险投资的公司治理作用:高管薪酬视角北大核心CSSCI

风险投资在公司治理中扮演了何种角色?文章从高管薪酬的角度,探讨风险投资对其所持股的创业板企业高管薪酬水平和结构,特别是对薪酬理论中的关键指标——薪酬绩效敏感度的影响作用。结果表明:与无风险投资持股相比,风险投资支持企业的高管总薪酬水平和股权薪酬显著更高;高管货币薪酬绩效敏感度较低,即风险投资对传统的管理层货币薪酬治理机制具有"替代效应",而风险投资支持企业的高管股权薪酬水平显著较高,风险投资发挥了对高管股权薪酬的"促进效应";控股股东两权分离度会显著影响风险投资替代效应、促进效应的发挥。文章揭示了风险投资对企业实施监督及增值的一种治理机制以及这种机制在不同股权结构下的变化,为研究我国风险投资的价值增值作用提供了实证支持。     

公司战略会影响高管薪酬契约有效性吗?

本文基于2009～2016年中国A股上市公司数据研究公司战略对高管薪酬契约有效性的影响.研究发现:公司战略与薪酬业绩敏感性存在显著负相关关系,公司战略越激进,薪酬业绩敏感性越低.进一步分析发现,代理问题和信息质量能够显著影响公司战略与薪酬业绩敏感性之间的关系,即在公司治理水平较低组以及信息质量较差组,公司战略激进度对薪酬业绩敏感性的负向效应更加显著.此外,公司战略越激进,高管越有可能获得超额薪酬.激进型公司战略会给管理层谋取私利(获得不合理的薪酬)提供便利,降低高管薪酬契约的有效性.     

Corporate Governance Reform and CEO Compensation: Intended and Unintended Consequences

Recent scandals allegedly linked to CEO compensation have brought executive compensation and perquisites to the forefront of debate about constraining executive compensation and reforming the associated corporate governance structure. We briefly describe the structure of executive compensation, and the agency theory framework that has commonly been used to conceptualize executives acting on behalf of shareholders. We detail some criticisms of executive compensation and associated ethical issues, and then discuss what previous research suggests are likely intended and unintended consequences of some widely proposed executive compensation reforms. We explicitly discuss the following recommendations for reform: require greater independence of compensation committees, require executives to hold equity in the corporation, require greater disclosure of executive compensation, increase institutional investor involvement in corporate governance (including executive compensation), and require firms to expense stock options on their income statements. We provide a brief summary discussion of ethical issues related to executive compensation, and describe possible future research.     

Managerial power,perquisite consumption and the efficiency of property right system: Evidence from Chinese listed companies

This research uses data of Chinese listed companies during 2001–2004 to test the effects of managerial power on perquisite consumption and firm performance from the perspectives of CEO duality, ownership dispersion and long-term tenure of top executives. Results show that companies with higher managerial power tend to incur higher perquisite consumption, while their performance does not improve accordingly. Moreover, perquisite consumption fails to offer effective incentives to managers, and non-state-controlled listed companies have greater managerial power, higher perquisite consumption, and worse performance than that of their state-controlled peers. Results also show that managerial power is an important factor influencing compensation incentive.     

Underpaid and Corrupt Executives in China’s State Sector

This study examines the role of executive compensation in public governance. We collect data on corruption cases that involve top-level executives in Chinese listed state-controlled firms. We find a significant positive relationship between underpayment of executives and the likelihood of an investigation into corrupt behavior. We also show that corruption is positively associated with firm performance and that the relationship between underpayment of executives and corruption is influenced by firm performance, suggesting that top managers are more likely to engage in illicit behavior if they are compensated poorly while the firms under their control perform well. Finally, we find that pay-performance sensitivity decreases when top executives are involved in corruption investigations, indicating a lack of pecuniary incentives. Our empirical findings point toward an important relationship between executive compensation and corrupt behavior, thus providing valuable input to the understanding of executive pay and its effects in China’s state sector.     

The influence of firm and executive characteristics on performance-vested stock option grants

Motivated by the considerable changes over the last two decades in the form and composition of executive remuneration schemes and the increasing use of performance-vested stock options (PVSOs), this study examines the determinants of PVSO grants. Using data on 4193 executive-year observations of 1373 executive directors in 243 FTSE 350 non-financial companies from 1999 to 2004, I examine the factors that influence PVSO grants at both the firm and the executive level. While controlling for unobservable industry, firm, and executive level fixed effects, the evidence shows that the PVSO grants awarded to individual executives are associated with observable features of corporate governance and indicators of managerial power. More specifically, the results support the following statements: (1) good corporate governance structures facilitate the use of PVSO plans; (2) the proportion of PVSO grants in the total compensation package is smaller for top mangers with more controlling power; (3) PVSO plans are less frequently used to compensate managers who are approaching their retirement and/or have a large equity stake in the firm; (4) relative to non-CEO executives, CEOs are more likely to be rewarded with PVSOs.     

The impact of pay on CEO turnover: A test of two perspectives

We investigate the impact of pay on CEO turnover from two perspectives. One is managerial power perspective that focuses on power in the setting of CEO pay. The other is tournament theory that treats CEO pay as a top prize designed to motivate executives to work hard for the top position. Building on research that highlights the impact of power dynamics at the top of the firm on CEO turnover, we propose that managerial power perspective suggests a negative impact of CEO pay on CEO turnover, while tournament theory suggests a positive impact. Using data from a sample of 313 large U.S. companies from 1988 to 1997, we find that both the level of CEO pay and its ratio over the average pay of the firm's four other highest paid executives have a negative impact on CEO turnover.     

Determinants of related-party transactions: Evidence from China’s listed companies during 2002–2006

This study attempts to shed light on the relationship between related-party (RP) transactions and internal governance factors of China’s listed companies. An analysis of a sample of 69 049 RP transactions during 2002–2006 reveals strong evidence that the likelihood of RP transactions is higher for companies with high concentration of ownership, but lower for companies with strong bargaining power of the second and third largest shareholders. There is also clear evidence showing that large compensation for outside directors is associated with greater size of RP transactions, whereas increased average compensation for the three top executives tends to decrease the number of RP transactions. Our results also reveal that the pluralism arraignment, i.e. the same person holding both positions of the board chairman and the chief executive, increases the size of RP transactions significantly. This finding suggests that pluralism reduces the balance of power in corporate governance.      

Corporate boards,large blockholders and executive compensation in banks: Evidence from Poland

The paper aims to investigate the impact of uniform board governance standards on the level of executive pay in banks with a controlling shareholder. Based on the sample of a hand-collected data on all executive pay of all public banks in Poland from 2005 to 2013, we find that board independence is negatively associated with executive compensation. In contrast to widely-held banks, independent directors in banks controlled by a blockholder provide restraint on the tendency to overcompensate. Thus, in concentrated ownership structure managerial power theory prevails over agency theory. However, the effect might be diluted as the number of board members increases.     

The Effects of Fraud and Lawsuit Revelation on U.S. Executive Turnover and Compensation

This study investigates the impact of fraud/lawsuit revelation on U.S. top executive turnover and compensation. It also examines potential explanatory variables affecting the executive turnover and compensation among U.S. fraud/lawsuit firms. Four important findings are documented. First, there was significantly higher executive turnover among U.S. firms with fraud/lawsuit revelation in the Wall Street Journal than matched firms without such revelation. Second, although on average, U.S. top executives received an increase in cash compensation after fraud/lawsuit revelation, this increase is smaller than that of matched non-fraud/lawsuit firms. Third, fraud/lawsuit firms were more likely to change top executive when chief executive officer (CEO) was not the board chairman and CEO had been on the board for a short time. Fourth, fraud/lawsuit firms were more likely to reduce their executive cash compensation when profitability was low, firms were involved in fraud, the compensation committee size was small, and the board met more often. These findings indicate that although, in general, U.S. fraud/lawsuits firms did not reduce their executive cash compensation, those involved in fraud were more likely to reduce their executive cash compensation than to change their top executives. The finding, that ethical standards is not a significant factor for U.S. executive turnover nor compensation reduction, suggests that ethics appears to play no part in the board’s decisions, and that U.S. firms may have ethical standards in writing but they do not implement nor enforce the standards.     

The economic psychology of incentives: An international study of top managers

The world-wide inflation in executive compensation in recent years has been accompanied by an increase in the prevalence of long-term incentives. This article demonstrates how the subjectively perceived value of long-term incentives is affected by risk aversion, uncertainty aversion, and time preferences. Based on a unique empirical study which involved collecting primary data on executive preferences from around the world, and using a theoretical framework which draws on behavioral agency theory, we conclude that, while long-term incentives are perceived by executives to be effective, they are not in fact an efficient form of reward, and that this outcome is not significantly affected by cross-cultural differences. We conjecture that boards of directors, acting on behalf of shareholders, increase the size of long-term incentive awards in order to compensate executives for the perceived loss of value when compared with less risky, more certain and more immediate forms of reward.     

Gender differences in executive compensation: Variation with board gender composition and time

This paper uses EXECUCOMP, COMPUSTAT and Investor's Responsibility Resource Center data to examine gender differences in executive salaries and total compensation from 1996 to 2004. We find that the salaries of female executives are about 5 percent lower than those of male executives, controlling for executive, firm, and board characteristics, and that the gap exists primarily in the lower officer ranks, where women are relatively highly concentrated. The gender difference in salary is larger in firms with more male-dominated boards; perhaps not coincidentally, such firms are also found to have fewer female executives in top managerial positions as well as lower probabilities of having any top female executives at all. The results of Oaxaca wage decompositions suggest that, although the magnitude of the gender difference decreases slightly over the sample period, the share of the gender difference that is due to unobserved factors remains basically steady or even increases. Thus, although women have become better represented in top executive jobs in recent decades, their relative salaries remain below those of men, possibly due in part to governance structures that remain male-dominated.