试论发展综合生产力

社会主义的根本任务是发展生产力，是发展综合生产力，是发展一切生产力。不仅要发展社会生产力，而且要发展自然生产力；不仅要发展微观生产力，而且要发展宏观生产力；不仅要发展现实生产力，而且要发展潜在生产力；不仅要发展容体生产力，而且要发展主体生产力；不仅要发展个人生产力，而且要发展集体生产力；不仅要发展物质生产力，而且要发展精神生产力。     

中国农业生产率提高的优先序及政策选择

农业生产率提高具有劳动生产率和土地生产率两个指向,农业发展也面临着不同的政策选择方式。当前我国农业土地生产率较高而劳动生产率较低,未来我国应将提高劳动生产率放在农业发展的突出位置,这从日本农业发展从重视土地生产率转向重视劳动生产率的演变轨迹可以得到支持。针对农业劳动生产率提高的目标,可以从提高土地生产率和扩大农业经营规模两个线索引申出相应的政策含义。     

对生产力定义、层次和发展动因问题的综述

对生产力定义、层次和发展动因问题的综述许光伟一、生产力的定义（一）生产力定义的历史沿革究竟给生产力下一个什么样的准确定义？自本世纪三十年代以来，理论界一直为此进行着时断时续的争论，时至今日更有愈演愈烈的态势。纵观这场争论，可以划分为这么三大时期：１、...     

A Comparative Study of Alternative Approaches to Estimate Productivity

Theoretically, for single output-single input, annual productivity are expected to be identical across index, non-parametric programming and parametric statistical approaches. The following models within each approach is considered—index (Tornqvist-Theil and Ideal Fisher), the non-parametric programming (Malmquist input, output and graph; Malmquist total factor productivity) and parametric (Input and Output; total factor productivity) regression. Empirically, for single output-single input, this research show differences in annual productivity and productivity growth rate between and within each of the three approaches using Nebraska agriculture data from 1936 to 2004. The annual productivity growth rate from 1936 to 2004 was identical across non-parametric Malmquist output, input, graph and Malmquist total factor productivity, and parametric Malmquist total factor productivity. However annual productivity estimated by parametric Malmquist total factor productivity is identical to Ideal Fisher productivity.

     

服务业生产率测度研究

生产率增长是经济增长的关键因素之一 ,生产率的研究是技术经济学科领域的前沿 ,而服务业生产率则是生产率理论的研究前沿。本文评述了国外服务业生产率研究的进展 ,介绍了服务业生产率的概念及测度方法 ,给出了服务业生产率研究的方向。     

Malmquist indices of productivity change in Portuguese banking: The deregulation period

This paper will evaluate productivity change in Portuguese banking using the Malmquist productivity index. The results show that between 1990 and 1997, banks in Portugal witnessed increased productivity and strong technological progress. Both small and large banks experienced higher productivity and technological change scores, while mid-sized institutions are putting more effort into catching-up policies. Rural banks have experienced strong productivity growth and are catching up with the best practices but lower levels of technological change. Urban banks show higher productivity growth and technological change levels. Government-owned banks have experienced lower levels of productivity change. Finally, the asset per employee ratio shows a positive correlation with the productivity scores, suggesting that this simple index is a good proxy for productivity.     

试论一般生产力到服务生产力的演进与测量

从一般生产力到服务生产力概念的演进是适应现实需要的产物，有其客观必然性；对生产力及服务生产力概念有一个较为清晰的界定，是服务生产力研究的前提；服务生产力的概念及其测量应综合考虑效率、效益、企业投入的资源以及顾客投入的资源等要素，其虽然从内涵等方面有别于传统生产力的概念，但也并未脱离基本的投入产出模式。     

知识经济是当代生产力发展的高级阶段(上)

生产力的发展经历了自然生产力、土地生产力、机器生产力和科技生产力四个阶段,由此形成了牧业经济、农业经济、工业经济、知识经济四种形态。信息经济是知识经济的初级阶段,也可称作知识经济。知识经济的产生有其历史必然性,是当代生产力发展的高级阶段     

生态生产力是先进的生产力

从三维角度考察生产力 ,即水平维、力量维和价值维。决定价值维的是生产力发展的文明取向。发达生产力由前沿、领先地位的水平维和强大的力量维组成 ,而先进生产力则由发达生产力加上先进的文明取向构成。生态文明是比工业文明更加先进的文明取向 ,生态生产力具备了先进生产力的主要特征 ,是一种先进的生产力。     

Firm-level productivity in Latin America and the Caribbean

While the accumulation of factors of production, both physical and human capital, has helped Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) to narrow the income gap with developed economies, aggregate productivity is still relatively low. Although there are numerous determinants of aggregate productivity, it is largely based on the underlying productivity of all firms in the economy. Using firm-level data from several waves of the World Bank Enterprise Survey and Chile's National Manufacturing Survey, we explore the ‘what’ question on productivity dispersion in LAC. We document three stylized facts: (i) there are significant differences in firm productivity within industries – the firm at the 90th percentile of the productivity distribution produces almost seven times as much output (using the same measured inputs) as the 10^th percentile firm; (ii) productivity differences persist over time – regressing a firm's current productivity on its one-year lagged productivity yields an autoregressive coefficient of around 0.9; and (iii) most of the growth in aggregate productivity comes from improvements in the productivity of existing firms.     

Does Productivity Growth Appreciate the Real Exchange Rate?*

Revisiting the time‐honored link between productivity growth and the real exchange rate, we find that higher labor productivity tends to appreciate the real exchange rate, consistent with the traditional view. Contrary to the traditional view, however, we find that the positive productivity effect is transmitted through the relative price between tradable goods, rather than through the relative price between tradables and nontradables. Moreover, higher total factor productivity is found to often depreciate the real exchange rate. These latter two pieces of evidence, combined with the conceptual strength of total factor productivity over labor productivity as a productivity measure, call for further refinement of the conventional view regarding the effect of productivity on the real exchange rate.     

Productivity dispersion: A case study

This paper studies productivity dispersion in a retail chain. We find that productivity is highly dispersed between the branches. Furthermore, productivity rankings are quite persistent. Accounting for employee skills and human resource management decreases the productivity dispersion only slightly. The results suggest that productivity dispersion is “real”.     

总需求、国际贸易与我国省际生产率变化——基于省际面板数据的研究

全要素生产率的提高是促进经济持续增长的重要原因,对生产率的研究,主要是从供给方面展开的,本文试图从需求角度研究全要素生产率变动的原因。理论上看,总需求通过影响技术创新、技术选择、规模经济效益和要素的使用效率等途径引起生产率的变化,国际贸易则通过促进分工深化、产生技术溢出等促进生产率的提高。然后,本文采用数据包络分析方法测算了中国省际全要素生产率变化,并将其分解为技术效率的变化和技术进步。结果发现中国改革开放以来全要素生产率增长主要是技术进步的结果,技术效率的作用很小。在测算和分解的基础上,利用省际面板数据,就总需求和国际贸易对生产率增长的影响作了实证分析,发现最终消费和资本形成对技术进步和全要素生产率的提高作用显著,出口对生产率增长的作用不显著,进口显著地促进了省际全要素生产率增长和技术进步。     

基于中国经验重构新新贸易理论的分析框架

异质性企业贸易模型是新新贸易理论的基本分析框架,该模型从企业生产率异质性角度分析企业出口的决定因素,得到企业拥有高生产率是保证其出口的重要条件,从而出口企业的生产率要高于内销企业的结论。不过,对中国企业的经验研究却发现,出口企业的生产率未必高于内销企业,甚至低于内销企业,即中国出口企业存在"生产率悖论"。目前,对于"生产率悖论"的研究主要集中于经验分析,并没有提出一个合理解释该现象的理论模型。文章从扩展异质性企业贸易模型的角度,建立了一个旨在解释"生产率悖论"的数理模型。尽管该模型对"生产率悖论"具有解释作用,但是并没有否定生产率对企业出口的作用。文章进一步使用较新的LP方法计算了中国制造业企业的生产率并运用统计法检验了出口企业"生产率悖论"的存在性,检验结果表明中国制造业大部分行业不存在"生产率悖论"。总之,文章研究认为生产率只是企业出口的一个必要条件而不是充分条件,这也重新构建了新新贸易理论的分析框架。     

Ownership,competition, and bank productivity: An analysis of Indian banking in the post-reform period

This paper investigates the effect of ownership and competition on Indian bank productivity since the 1991 reforms. We find that Indian private banks dominate the public and foreign banks both in terms of productivity levels and productivity growth, with the new Indian private banks leading the charge. Competition has a positive impact on productivity for the old Indian private banks, and all the other banks are hurt by competition — the worst hit being new Indian private banks. A similar picture emerges on the productivity growth side, with the new Indian private bank productivity growth being the worst affected as competition increases. An analysis of the pre- and post-1998 periods shows that the latter period displays a much higher productivity gap between the Indian private banks and the public and foreign banks. Indian private bank productivity and productivity growth suffer due to increasing competition in the post-1998 period.     

社会生产力范畴内涵的再认识

文章采用力学分析方法和系统科学的结构分析方法，对＂社会生产力＂范畴的内涵进行了探索，提出了＂生产力大小、生产力方向、生产力结构＂是社会生产力三要素这一新的社会生产力构成理论。在此基础上对现代社会生产力系统的多种因素进行了划分，列出了反映现代社会生产力系统多种因素及其相互关系的＂现代社会生产力系统表＂，为驾驭现代社会生产力发展提供了思路。本文在运用自然科学思想方法和基本原理进行社会科学研究方面进行了有益的尝试。     

Dispersion in Dispersion: Measuring Establishment-Level Differences in Productivity

We describe new experimental productivity dispersion statistics, Dispersion Statistics on Productivity (DiSP), jointly produced by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) and the Census Bureau, that complement the official BLS industry-level productivity statistics. The BLS has a long history of producing industry-level productivity statistics, which represent the average establishment-level productivity within industries when appropriately weighted. These statistics cannot, however, tell us about the variation in productivity levels across establishments within those industries. Dispersion in productivity across businesses can provide information about the nature of competition and frictions within sectors and the sources of rising wage inequality across businesses. DiSP data show enormous differences in productivity across establishments within industries in the manufacturing sector. We find substantial variation in dispersion across industries, increasing dispersion from 1997 to 2016, and countercyclical total factor productivity dispersion. We hope DiSP will enable further research into understanding productivity differences across industries and establishments and over time.     

地区劳动生产率差异分解与条件收敛——基于产业经济的结构分析

运用偏离-份额法,本文将1985-2008年地区劳动生产率差异分解成产业结构效应、纯生产率效应和配置效应。实证发现,产业结构效应对解释东部和西部地区劳动生产率差异具有突出作用;而纯生产率效应较低是中部地区劳动生产率低于全国平均水平的最重要原因。在此基础上,基于条件收敛分析框架,我们用SUR模型研究发现,地区间存在着的产业结构收敛、产业内纯生产率收敛是地区劳动生产率收敛的内在原因,并且产业内纯生产率收敛是其最主要的组成成分。     

中国新质生产力发展水平测度、区域差距及动态规律

新质生产力对高质量发展具有强劲推动力、支撑力。如何科学把握新质生产力发展现状及时空特征,是加快形成新质生产力的首要任务。基于新质生产力的理论内涵,构建涵盖新质人才资源、新质科学技术、新质产业形态和新质生产方式四个维度的新质生产力发展评价指标体系,运用改进的Critic-Topsis综合评价法、Dagum基尼系数和Kernel核密度估计方法考察我国30个省份2012-2021年的新质生产力发展水平、区域差距及动态规律。研究发现：2012-2021年,中国新质生产力发展水平呈现稳步上升态势,但存在不平衡不充分问题,多数省份的新质人才资源、新质科学技术、新质生产方式和新质产业形态制约了新质生产力的发展水平;中国新质生产力发展水平的区域差距呈现不断缩小的态势,东部地区区域内差距最大,东部与东北地区区域间差距最大,全国新质生产力发展水平差距主要来源于区域间差距。该研究识别了中国新质生产力发展水平及其演变特征,为加快发展新质生产力推进中国式现代化提供政策建议。     

The impact of product innovation on firm-level markup and productivity: evidence from China

This article empirically evaluates the impact of product innovation on firms’ markup and productivity. Based on a large sample of Chinese manufacturing firms, we estimate firm-level markup using the wedge between output elasticities of intermediate input and its cost share in total revenue. Firm productivity is measured as revenue productivity and adjusted with the estimated markup. The results suggest that product innovation increases firm-level markup and revenue productivity. However, the effect of product innovation on the adjusted productivity is mostly negative or insignificant. The observed relationships also vary in response to market structures. Our results indicate that the positive impact of product innovation on revenue productivity is mainly driven by price-cost markup changes rather than physical productivity improvements. Our study suggests the widely observed positive relationship between product innovation and revenue productivity should be interpreted with caution.