城市住房与土地管治策略研究

以北京市为例,通过透视城市住房问题中的相关土地因素,重申城市土地与住房的特殊属性,强调在兼顾公平的社会主义市场经济条件下我国城市土地与住房配置很难实现完全竞争市场.因此,在经济社会不断转型的关键时期,建议城市政府合理运用管治理念、放宽视野、重塑角色,以多元利益平衡为先导,改善土地与住房的市场环境,逐步实现城市住房的科学...     

地价与房价的因果关系——基于武汉市的实证研究

研究目的——探讨地价与房价的因果关系。研究方法——实证研究法和计量经济学方法。研究结果——在中短期,地价是一个相对独立的变动过程,不受房价的影响,而房价却受到地价的显著影响;从长期来看,房价对地价的影响开始增强,但总不及地价对房价的影响,地价一直占主导地位。研究结论——在调控房价时,应先稳定地价。房地产价格调控需要从四个方面着手：一是革除地方政府对土地财政的依赖;二是调整土地政策,增加土地供应量;三是加大保障性住房建设力度;四是打击房地产投机。     

地价与房价的因果关系——基于武汉市的实证研究

研究目的——探讨地价与房价的因果关系。研究方法——实证研究法和计量经济学方法。研究结果——在中短期,地价是一个相对独立的变动过程,不受房价的影响,而房价却受到地价的显著影响;从长期来看,房价对地价的影响开始增强,但总不及地价对房价的影响,地价一直占主导地位。研究结论——在调控房价时,应先稳定地价。房地产价格调控需要从四个方面着手:一是革除地方政府对土地财政的依赖;二是调整土地政策,增加土地供应量;三是加大保障性住房建设力度;四是打击房地产投机。     

社区土地信托制度及其与经济适用房制度的比较

美国社区土地信托制度是解决低收入家庭住房问题的一种模式.在社区土地信托制度下,社区土地信托公司或组织持有土地所有权,低收入买房人得到的只是房屋所有权和一定年限的土地使用权.因住房价格中不包含土地价格部分,从而保证了低收入家庭对住房价格的可负担性.社区土地信托的住房保障资源的可循环利用、非营利组织运作、促进社区发展的视角等优点,对完善经济适用房制度具有借鉴意义.     

Three-rate property taxation and housing construction

This paper examines the effect of property taxation on housing construction. In 2001, Finnish municipalities were allowed to levy an extra property tax on undeveloped land zoned for housing. Municipalities that adopted the new tax instrument have a three-rate tax property tax system with different tax rates on land before development, land after development and buildings. The remaining municipalities have a two-rate system with a uniform land tax and a building tax. A theoretical model of decisions by landowners suggests that the pre-development land tax ought to lead to faster development, but also the density of development may be affected. In the two-rate system land tax is neutral. The empirical results suggest that landowners respond to the tax incentives. Municipalities that adopted the three-rate property tax system saw an increase in single-family housing starts of roughly 12 percent.     

The price responsiveness of housing supply in OECD countries

The responsiveness of housing supply to changes in prices bears important implications for the evolution of housing prices and the speed of adjustment of housing markets. Based on a stock-flow model of the housing market estimated within an error correction framework, this paper estimates the long-run price elasticity of new housing supply in 21 OECD countries. Estimates suggest that the responsiveness of housing supply to price changes varies substantially across countries. It is relatively more flexible in North America and some Nordic countries, while it is more rigid in continental European countries and in the United Kingdom. The responsiveness of housing supply depends not only on national geographical and urban characteristics but also on policies, such as land use and planning regulations.     

基于土地杠杆的住房价格动态分解

住房可分为土地和依附于土地的建筑物两部分。基于土地杠杆基本概念,利用我国35个大中型城市数据,将住房价格动态分解为土地价格和建筑物价格,考察我国住房价格增长中土地增值的贡献比例与速度。对土地杠杆假说的实证检验发现,拥有更高土地杠杆的住房,其增值速度会更快。通过对土地杠杆假说的实证研究,对于了解潜在的房价决定机制、价格指数建立、土地利用限制的成本评估,以及制定住房政策和评估住房市场的合理性等,都具有重要的作用。     

国有土地使用权出让中“地王”现象分析

“地王”的产生既有土地供应、需求等基本层面的因素,也有分税制、招拍挂、土地国有等制度层面的因素,同时又受到国际国内经济运行大环境的影响.“地王”不仅会直接推高房价,还会提高房价上涨预期,形成地价房价相互抬高的恶性循环.“地王”增加了经济运行风险,不利于国民经济长期可持续发展.为抑制“地王”产生,要坚决遏制投资投机性住房...     

Land and residential property markets in a booming economy: New evidence from Beijing

Beijing's housing market has boomed over the last fifteen years. The city's population grew by 40.6% and per capita income (in constant RMB) by 273.9% from 1991 to 2005. Using two geocoded data sets, we present new evidence on the real estate price gradient, land price gradient, population densities, and building densities in Beijing's recent free housing market. The classic urban monocentric model's predictions are largely upheld in Beijing. We also document the importance of local public goods, such as access to public transit infrastructure, core high schools, clean air, and major universities, most of which have exogenous locations, as important determinants of real estate prices.     

住房与交通综合可支付性指数的设计与应用——以北京为例

城市空间结构的理论及实证研究表明,城市土地利用与交通系统之间存在着密切的互动关系.在空间上,居民所负担的住房成本和交通成本通常呈现此消彼长的关系.因此,单纯考虑"住房成本占收入的比重"不能全面衡量居住区位选择所引致的成本.为了更全面和精细地评价居民对于住房成本和交通成本的综合支付能力及其空间分布特征,设计了住房与交通综...     

土地政策和城市住房发展

本文首先分析了北京的住房市场 ,然后对住房价格的构成及其变化进行了分析 ,结合微观经济学理论 ,总结出北京市房价高的原因 ,即 ,(1)房地产开发过程中没有不变成本 ,因而没有规模经济 ;(2 )根据基准地价系统 ,容积率决定地价 ,这一方面与西方城市经济学理论相悖 ,另一方面使房地产商没有经济利益驱动 ,资源没有得到合理强度地利用。最后 ,本文提出了进一步改革的建议和对策。     

Urban Ecological Enclosures: Conservation Planning,Peri-urban Displacement,and Local State Formations in China

Across contemporary China, city governments are unevenly territorializing peri-urban villagers’ land and housing by creating new urban ecological conservation sites. I analyze this emerging form of what I call ‘ecological territorialization’ through three interrelated spatial practices: comprehensive urban–rural planning, peri-urban ‘ecological migration’, and the distribution of institutional responsibility for conservation site financing, construction and management. Detailing this triad of territorializing practices renews attention to the relationship between conservation classifications that justify state intervention, uneven displacements of people from rural land and housing, and site-specific capitalizations that collectively consolidate urban government control over rural spaces. These practices emerge stochastically as state, private, and semi-state institutions capitalize on conservation projects in the context of legally and constitutionally underdefined land use rights and ecological land designations. In the current post-socialist moment of urban ‘greening’, these practices are key to producing frontiers of land-based accumulation and extending local state control across the peri-urban fringe. Urban ecological enclosures not only remake city-level state power but also shape rural people's relationships to land, labor and housing.     

Measuring the effects of mixed land uses on housing values

Mixing land uses has become one of the key planning principles of the Smart Growth movement and other land use planning strategies. This article analyzes the impact on the prices of single family houses when mixed land uses are included in neighborhoods. We first develop several quantitative measures of mixed land uses through the use of Geographic Information System (GIS) data and compute these measures for various neighborhoods in Washington County, OR. We then incorporate those measures in a hedonic price analysis. We conclude from this research that housing prices increase with their proximity to—or with increasing amount of—public parks or neighborhood commercial land uses. We also find, however, that housing prices are higher in neighborhoods dominated by single-family residential land use, where non-residential land uses were evenly distributed, and where more service jobs are available. Finally, we find that housing prices tended to fall with proximity to multi-family residential units.     

对限价房政策的经济学分析

"限价房"是政府对房地产市场的一种直接管制,是一种典型的行政调控.政府通过限地价和限房价.直接参与了市场竞争.对限价房政策的经济学分析表明,限价房会导致过度需求、出现销售者偏好,于是,可导致政府偏好代替销售者偏好,限价房还可能造成歧视,致使市场扭由,建筑质量下降,甚至出现黑市,导致腐败和资源浪费.限价房是一种典型的砖头补贴,结论认为,应从砖头补贴走向人头补贴,大力发展廉租房.     

Patterns of growth in Chinese cities: Implications of the land lease

A special feature of China’s housing market is land use rights in the form of land leasehold contracts granted by the government. We consider an equilibrium model in which a representative developer may choose to redevelop existing centrally located housing or to develop new housing at the periphery of the city. We show that as the city grows, the land leasehold system results in the city center being developed less intensely and more land being used on the outskirts of the city when compared to a fee simple environment. Thus, cities in China are likely to be relatively more spread out, with city centers relatively older than would be the case with “fee simple” ownership. Our model suggests that excess residential land use is about 6 percent. In addition, compared with the ownership case, housing supply will grow more quickly in the near future, but more slowly later on during the transition of the Chinese economy. Parallel to the supply growth pattern, equilibrium price grows relative slowly in the near future, but more quickly later on. While we focus on residential uses, we believe our model can be applied to other land uses.     

Do political parties matter for local land use policies?

Despite interest in the impact of land use regulations on housing construction and housing prices, little is known about the drivers of these policies. Conventional wisdom holds that homeowners have an influence on restrictive local zoning. In this paper, we contend that the party controlling local government might make a major difference. We draw on data from a large sample of Spanish cities for the 2003–2007 political term and employ a regression discontinuity design to document that cities controlled by left-wing parties convert much less land from rural to urban uses than is the case in similar cities controlled by the right. The differences between governments on the two sides of the political spectrum are more pronounced in places with greater population heterogeneity and in those facing higher housing demand. We also present evidence suggesting that these partisan differences might ultimately impact on housing construction and housing price growth.     

美国住房租赁市场运行机制探讨及借鉴

美国拥有发达的私人住房租赁市场和公共住房租赁市场,其关于住房租赁市场的法律制度、税收体系、房租补贴政策和完善的政府监管体制等方面均值得我国借鉴。研究表明,支撑美国住房租赁市场的因素主要有供给因素、需求因素和政府对租赁市场的有效管理和规范。尽管在住房消费文化和土地制度环境等方面我国住房市场与美国住房市场差异显著,但美国发展与规范住房租赁市场的经验对培育和发展我国住房租赁市场仍然具有重要的政策借鉴价值。     

美国住房租赁市场运行机制探讨及借鉴

美国拥有发达的私人住房租赁市场和公共住房租赁市场,其关于住房租赁市场的法律制度、税收体系、房租补贴政策和完善的政府监管体制等方面均值得我国借鉴。研究表明,支撑美国住房租赁市场的因素主要有供给因素、需求因素和政府对租赁市场的有效管理和规范。尽管在住房消费文化和土地制度环境等方面我国住房市场与美国住房市场差异显著,但美国发展与规范住房租赁市场的经验对培育和发展我国住房租赁市场仍然具有重要的政策借鉴价值。     

近代天津保障性住房建设（1940—1942）

近代中国，战乱和自然灾害频发，各大城市在不同程度上出现房荒，住房问题非常严峻。1939年华北水灾之后，天津市的住房供应更加紧张。日军占领下的天津特别市政府为了安抚民心，在1940—1942年的三年间连续建房，分别叫做“市营住房”、“平民住房”和“日式住房”，其性质基本相同，都是利用公有土地建房，产权公有，以相对低廉的价格租给市民居住的保降性住房。这些市营住房虽然并没有对低收入者进行特别保护，但增加了天津住房市场的供应，对当时严重的住房短缺问题起到了一定的缓解作用。     

住房流动性对房价指数的影响及其定量分析

目前中国城市住房市场不稳定程度较高,这不仅体现为房价的迅速变化,而且反映在交易量的大幅波动上,后者就是住房流动性的变化。有学者研究指出,以实际交易价格为基础的房价指数可能会低估住房市场的波动程度。为了更准确地把握住房市场的运行状态,本文借鉴美国MIT的相关技术,分析了住房流动性（交易活跃程度）对房价指数的影响,并尝试将流动性信息引入房价指数当中。我们发现,住房流动性对于房价指数有较大影响,且符合人们对于市场走势的直观判断,能够较好地反映市场转折点。