成渝经济区城际轨道交通网空间布局合理性分析——基于空间经济学原理

根据中心地理论及空间经济学的基本原理,首先通过引入冰山运输成本建立了一个以重庆、川南、川东北、成都平原四个城市圈为支撑点的空间菱形经济模型,然后分析了不同的运输成本对产业集聚的影响,最后将成渝经济区城际轨道交通网的空间布局与城市圈的空间菱形模型相结合,阐释了城际轨道交通网规划的合理性。结果表明,城际轨道交通网的空间布局可降低各城市圈之间的运输成本,从而促进经济区内专业化分工和产业集聚、加快成渝城市群一体化进程。     

铁路客运系统提速的空间经济影响

从1997年到2007年我国先后进行了六次铁路客运提速,有效地解决了铁路交通运营存在的问题,促进了国民经济的发展和和谐社会的建设.文章从经济地理学的视角探讨了铁路客运系统提速的空间经济影响,研究结果显示,一方面交通条件的改善在微观层面上影响经济活动的区位选择.通过选取以北京、上海为第一增长极的大城市圈进行分析,得到结论:铁路客运提速在空间上促进了产业结构的调整和升级,同时也为大城市圈的形成创造了有利条件;在宏观层面,首先对整个系统提速效果进行了评价,然后选取若干主要铁路枢纽城市进行个案研究,我们发现:交通业的发展可以通过降低交通成本促进资源的流动,为区域协调发展战略奠定交通基础,从而对区域经济发展和区域空间结构产生重大影响.最后提出根据交通条件的变化及时调整城市和区域经济发展战略,合理进行产业布局和调整是十分必要的.     

我国家族企业可持续发展问题的经济学分析

随着改革开放的深化与融入经济全球化进程的加快,我国家族企业能否可持续发展,成了学界与实际部门颇具争议的一个现实话题.本文通过企业治理和交易费用关系的经济学分析,拟出交易费用关系相关理论曲线,认为家族系统和企业系统是家族企业可持续发展的两个系统,为了达到企业交易费用最小的目的,家族企业必须有效整合这两个系统,创造社会资本,从而实现可持续发展.     

Intermodal traffic,regulatory change and carbon energy conservation in US freight transport

Conserving transport carbon emissions is an important policy goal. Conventional wisdom often holds that conservation is best achieved by increased regulation, and that such gains are best achieved in passenger auto transport (fuel efficiency standards or diversion to transit). We argue that the growth of rail freight has conserved carbon fuel use in the United States, and that fuel-saving changes have been facilitated by reduced regulation since 1980. Methods used include estimation of translog cost functions (and related demand functions for fuel) for intermodal rail and for truck, allowing controlled comparisons of modal fuel use. We find intermodal rail (e.g. trailer on flatcar) to be a powerful conserver: if intermodal rail were eliminated, and traffic transferred to over-the-highway truck, extra annual carbon emissions would be nearly 25?Tg. By comparison, if urban passenger transit were eliminated and replaced by autos (according to one study) the extra annual emissions would be only 3.9?Tg.     

An integrated fares policy for transport in London

A common but disputed justification for public transport subsidy is that lower fares will encourage transfer from private vehicles, alleviating the congestion externality. A quantitative method is developed to judge the validity of this ‘second best pricing’ argument and it is applied to the best available evidence on peak and off-peak bus, rail and private car models in Greater London. A total operating subsidy not exceeding £150m per annum may be justified despite low private traveller response to public transport fares. Substantial reallocation of public traffic between times and modes would also be desirable, but current car traffic and subsidy levels seem broadly correct.     

高铁运营与经济协调会合作机制是否打破了城市群市场分割——来自长三角城市群的经验证据

具有时空压缩效应的高铁运营是否促进了城市群内的市场一体化？城市群经济协调会合作机制又是否打破了城市群内的市场分割？目前尚缺乏经验证据。本文利用2003—2015年长三角城市群34个地级市数据，采用空间面板杜宾模型（SDM）实证分析了高铁运营与经济协调会合作机制对于打破城市群内市场分割的影响。研究结果表明：（1）长三角城市群内地市间“以邻为壑”的现象依旧存在，但高铁的运营与经济协调会显著降低了该地区市场分割水平。（2）高铁运营产生的时空压缩效应，使得城市群内市场一体化的影响范围不断扩大，并将边界延伸至2小时交通圈。（3）高铁运营对于其他城市市场分割的影响效果均大于对本地区市场分割的影响，而城市群内的经济协调会合作机制仅在相邻地市间发挥作用，对于非邻近地区的空间溢出效应相对有限。     

Countries, regions and trade: On the welfare impacts of economic integration

We study the impact of falling international trade costs and falling national transport costs on the economic geography of countries involved in an integration process. Each country is formed by two regions between which labor is mobile, whereas there is no international mobility. Goods can be traded both nationally and internationally at positive, but different, costs. A decrease in trade costs and/or in transport costs has a direct impact on prices and wages, which allows us to account for the impact of changes in these parameters on the economic geography and welfare of each country. We show that, as trade barriers fall, the benefits of integration come after its costs. We also show that national transport policies are of the beggar-thy-neighbor type. On both counts, policy coordination is required in the process of economic integration.     

Environmentally Sustainable Transport: Definition and Long-Term Economic Impacts for Austria

The transition to an environmentally sustainable transport system involves a combination of technological and demand-side transport policies. Regulatory, educational and economic instruments can be used to enhance the development of cleaner transport technologies as well as the shift from road-based towards more environmentally benign modes of transport. This article provides estimates of overall economic impacts in the long term and describes the required change in the transport system. The article proceeds in three steps. First, this article reviews concepts of sustainability and applies them to transportation. Second, a small open economy computable general equilibrium model for Austria is developed to evaluate the long-term macroeconomic and sectoral impacts of a sustainable freight transport policy. Third, simulation results are discussed and conclusions drawn concerning the crucial features of a sustainable freight transport policy.Although the required transition within the transport system is substantial, the economic costs in terms of GDP are comparably low and employment is likely to increase slightly.     

城市交通问题的产权分析

通过对多个城市的观察,发现《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法》的许多条款形同虚设,得不到切实的执行。本文根据产权理论对这一现象进行了分析,解释当前城市交通问题的主要成因即：车辆的增多、无法识别、十字路口和交通意识。产权的主要作用是帮助人们形成与他人交流的信息的预期,有了清晰界定的产权,就可以减少城市交通中人与人之间的不确定性,减小冲突的发生。为此,本文提出了解决城市交通问题的政策建议,即限制行车数量、增强非机动车辆的识别能力和规范十字路口标识,提高公民城市交通意识。通过减少交易成本,清晰的界定产权等手段规范城市交通,从而帮助行人建立稳定的预期,保证道路畅通。     

Self-organized agglomerations and transport costs

This paper investigates the impact of the shape of transport costs on the structure of spatial equilibria. We consider a racetrack economic model in which firms and workers freely locate on the continuous space of a circumference. We present “reasonably” weak conditions on the shape of transport costs under which continuous distributions of firms and workers are never stable equilibria. We also characterize conditions on the shape of transport costs under which discrete distributions are stable equilibria. The results confirm the idea that agglomeration of firms and workers in few cities is a natural outcome of economic interactions.     

Social and family load of Alzheimer’s disease

As the World Health Organization reports, mental illnesses have a serious impact on more than 25% of all population people worldwide at some time during their lives. Mental illnesses are universal; they affect people of any age, both women and men, the rich and the poor, no matter from which urban and rural environment they come from. Mental illnesses have an enormous economic effect on societies and on the quality of people’s life, including their families. The purpose of this study is to describe social and economic aspects of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) with respect to the early diagnosis. The authors provide an analysis of costs of treatment and care in the selected countries where the data from the available studies are recalculated into comparable quantities. Furthermore, the authors analyse aspects and possibilities of care for patients with AD in the informal (home) environment in compliance with individual phases of this disease. In the article, the method of research of available sources focusing on social and economic issues of AD is used. In order to compare costs of treatment and care of the AD patients, the Qualitative Comparative Analysis Method is exploited. The analyses have shown that the metric systems for monitoring the direct and indirect costs for the individual phases of AD are different.     

高铁会影响东北地区产业结构演变吗？*——东北振兴的另一种思路

经济的竞争归根到底是产业的竞争,在全面推进高速铁路建设和积极推动产业结构升级的背景下,基于东北地区147个县和34个城市的数据,运用SARAR模型分析高铁对不同行政区域产业结构的影响.研究发现:高铁建设存在着显著的空间集聚性,同时高铁建设对城市产业结构产生一定的正向溢出效应;高铁促进了城市和县域产业结构高级化水平提升;高铁还会带来"鲍莫尔成本病",即高铁不利于地区产业结构合理化调整;高铁在产业结构的虹吸效应中起到促进作用;高铁会通过抑制第一产业发展来促进第三产业发展进而影响地区产业结构;高铁对产业结构的影响主要是通过资本要素产生影响.同时采用了4种方法检验高铁对产业结构调整的影响,发现相关结论仍然是稳健的.最后根据研究结论从要素流动、政府干预和交通衔接等角度提出相关政策建议.     

Transport development and the evolution of economic geography

In this paper, based on the recent advances in the new economic geography (e.g., Fujita et al. [12]), we analyze impacts of transport costs on the spatial patterns of economic agglomeration. We first identify prototypes from the existing models, and explain the mechanism of how transport costs influence the balance between economic forces of agglomeration and dispersion. We then investigate the transformation of the agglomeration/dispersion patterns given gradually decreasing transport costs for different goods.Received: Received: July 2004 / Accepted: January 2005, Accepted: Received: July 2004 / Accepted: January 2005, JEL Classification: R12Tomoya Mori: Correspondence toThe authors are grateful to David Bernstein, Tatsuo Hatta, Komei Sasaki, Tony E. Smith, and two anonymous referees for their valuable comments. This research is partly supported by The Grant in Aid for Research 08403001 of Ministry of Education, Science and Culture in Japan, the Murata Science Foundation, and WESCO Civil Engineering Technology Foundation.     

Privately Owned Railways' Cost Function,Organization Size and Ownership

This paper aims to find the optimal size of an urban private rail organization as well as to evaluate cost difference by ownership. First, after selecting privately owned rail companies, we explore explanatory variables which affect the cost of rail service. Second, keeping in mind previous cost studies of the urban passenger rail industry, we estimate variable cost function with the translog cost function and we construct the total cost function. Third, based on the average cost function, conditions are pinpointed which attain minimum average cost. Finally, based on estimated results, we calculate the size of an urban private rail company and the ownership effects on cost. We conclude that optimal size is about 231 million vehicle-km per year, with a network of 63.8 km length. In terms of total costs, public railways have higher costs than private railways. There is no cost difference, however, in terms of variable costs.     

关于鄯善建立陆港产业园区的几点思考

鄯善县地处新疆四大油田的弧形顶端,东联内地,其辐射地域宽阔,资源丰富,但因其是内陆地区,远离内地和沿海货运航线,使其资源不能更为有效地为区域经济发展服务,进而影响了经济增长的速度。针对这一问题,本文提出在鄯善县发展陆港产业园区,依靠国家政策和自身的区位、交通、资源等优势,构建以铁路运输为主、公路运输为辅的货运线,紧密连接欧亚货运航线,使鄯善转变为新疆陆地运输的＂港口城市＂,以促进区域经济贸易发展。同时,这也为疆内交通节点县市的发展提供了一种新的思路。     

2012年度"浦山世界经济学优秀论文奖"评选公告

中国世界经济学会2012年度浦山世界经济学优秀论文奖(简称浦山奖)评选活动已启动.浦山奖是中国世界经济研究领域的最高奖项,2011年,被国家教育部列为与孙冶方经济科学奖等奖项同等重要的优秀学术成果奖.     

基于城市空间结构和交通区位分析的轨道交通线网布局方法研究

城市轨道交通线网的布局合理与否,将直接影响未来城市的发展和空间结构的形成.应用交通区位理论,将“点、线、面”三要素层次分析法与之相结合,并进行控制点优化,从而提出一种基于城市空间结构及交通区位分析的线网布局方法,并以哈尔滨市为实例分析,将此方法应用于目前轨道网的调整规划之中,得到较为合理的轨道交通线网布局规划方案.     

The Internet and other networks: utilization rates and their implications

Costs of communications networks are determined largely by the maximal capacities of those networks. On the other hand, the traffic those networks carry depends on how heavily those networks are used. Hence, utilization rates and utilization patterns determine the costs of providing services and, therefore, are crucial in understanding the economics of communications networks. A comparison of utilization rates and costs of various networks helps disprove many popular myths about the Internet. Although packet networks are often extolled for the efficiency of their transport, it often costs more to send data over internal corporate networks than using modems on the switched voice network. Packet networks are growing explosively not because they utilize underlying transport capacity more efficiently but because they provide much greater flexibility in offering new services. Study of utilization patterns shows there are large opportunities for increasing the efficiency of data transport and making the Internet less expensive and more useful. On the other hand, many popular techniques, such as some Quality of Service measures and ATM, are likely to be of limited usefulness.     

低碳经济视角下的长株潭城市群交通系统优化研究

低碳交通是降低能耗和碳排放,鼓励发展与完善公共交通系统,使用清洁能源,减少大排量汽车使用,最大限度降低污染、保护生态环境的交通方式。基于低碳理念的内涵和目标,分析长株潭城市群交通低碳化的实践基础,从确定交通模式,构建低碳指标,科学管理和强化引导来探索优化长株潭城市群交通系统的发展。     

Applying engineering and fleet detail to represent passenger vehicle transport in a computable general equilibrium model

A well-known challenge in computable general equilibrium (CGE) models is to maintain correspondence between the forecasted economic and physical quantities over time. Maintaining such a correspondence is necessary to understand how economic forecasts reflect, and are constrained by, relationships within the underlying physical system. This work develops a method for projecting global demand for passenger vehicle transport, retaining supplemental physical accounting for vehicle stock, fuel use, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This method is implemented in the MIT Emissions Prediction and Policy Analysis Version 5 (EPPA5) model and includes several advances over previous approaches. First, the relationship between per-capita income and demand for passenger vehicle transport services (in vehicle-miles traveled, or VMT) is based on econometric estimates and modeled using quasi-homothetic preferences. Second, the passenger vehicle transport sector is structured to capture opportunities to reduce fleet-level gasoline use through the application of vehicle efficiency or alternative fuel vehicle technologies, introduction of alternative fuels, or reduction in demand for VMT. Third, alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) are represented in the EPPA model. Fixed costs as well as learning effects that could influence the rate of AFV introduction are captured explicitly. This model development lays the foundation for assessing policies that differentiate based on vehicle age and efficiency, alter the relative prices of fuels, or focus on promoting specific advanced vehicle or fuel technologies.