关于人民币汇率制度改革的探讨

文章分析我国选择固定汇率的原因:我国的微观经济特征导致国内微观经济主体难以承担汇率制度成本,从而决定了其对固定汇率制度的选择;联系我国的国情与经济环境,分析1994年至今人民币选择固定汇率制度的微观原因,以及人民币汇率制度曾经发挥的积极作用。另外,文章还说明了人民币汇率制度在当前引发的主要问题,指出人民币由固定汇率走向灵活浮动的必然趋势,并提出要实行由固定汇率制度向浮动汇率制度转变必须为微观经济主体创造规避汇率风险的条件。最后提出了在人民币汇率制度改革中建设微观基础的政策建议。     

合理选择汇率制度与运用汇率政策

本文提出汇率既是市场参数，又具有政策变量性质，否定汇率具有政策变量的一面，在理论和实践上均缺乏充分根据。完全固定或完全自由浮动的汇率制度，事实上并不存在，或不可能长久坚持。不同的汇率制度实际上反映着政府干预程度的差别。本文系统地概括、比较了固定汇率制和浮动汇率制备自多方面的利弊，综合论述了影响汇率制度选择的复杂因素，并指出，那种认为采取浮动汇率制就可免遭货币危机和金融危机袭击的观点，是站不住脚的。本文论证了汇率政策的调整必须同时适应外汇供求短期均衡和长期均衡的要求，并兼顾外部均衡和内部均衡的需要。最後，依据上述分析，对中国汇率制度的选择和汇率政策的运用做了评论。     

现行汇率符合我国实际

<正> 最近,国际上对于人民币汇率形成机制和汇率水平有很多议论,关于人民币应该升值和中国输出通货紧缩的议论也不断出现。中国现行的汇率制度是否应该发生改变,国家外汇管理局负责人对此进行的解释。问:当前我国外汇收支形势如何?今年外汇管理工作的思路及具体措施有哪些? 答:在国民经济持续快速增长、对外经济蓬勃发展的基础上,当前我国国际收支和外汇收支呈现出良好态势。去年,国际收支继续保持经常项目与资本项目“双顺差”;银行结售汇顺差比上年增长近50％;国家外汇储备规模到年末达到2864亿美元,比上年增加742亿美元;人民币汇率继续保持基本稳定。当前外汇形势总体良好,这是党中央、国务院正确领导的结果,是全国人民共同     

人民币汇率波动对中国经济的影响

一、人民币汇率波动的历史回顾 人民币汇率是人民币的国际价格。1994年人民币汇率改革确定了“以市场供求为基础的、单一的、有管理的浮动汇率制度”，并将汇率定在1美元兑换8．70元的水平。此后人民币汇率逐步反弹，1997年以来，基本稳定在8．277的水平，而且人民币汇率制度也变成了实际上的“钉住美元的固定汇率制”。近年来，由于我国经济高速增长、出口不断增加等原因，人民币遭受了空前的升值压力。2005年，国家对人民币汇率形成机制做出重大改革。7月21日，美元对人民币交易价格调整为1美元兑8．11元人民币，升值2％，缓解了人民币升值的压力。同时，放弃与美元挂钩，开始实行以市场供求为基础、参考一篮子货币进行调节、有管理的浮动汇率制度，并规定现阶段银行间一篮子货币兑人民币的每日收市价，作为翌日买卖中间价，上下波幅0．3％。这些改革是人民币汇率形成机制市场化的重大举措，有助于增加汇率的弹性，扩大汇率波幅，使市场的力量在人民币汇率形成过程中发挥出了越来越大的作用。     

人民币汇率调整刍议

本文回顾了人民币汇率问题的由来，指出人民币升值压力既受外汇供求关系的影响，也有政治因素的考虑，进而对我国当前的汇率制度进行了利弊分析，肯定了保持人民币汇率稳定对我国经济发展的积极作用，同时也指出了目前外汇市场的供求关系是扭曲的，是管制条件下的供大于求。因而需要对汇率制度进行改革和调整，以缓和人民币升值的压力。     

人民币汇率形成机制的完善

人民币汇率形成机制实际上就是汇率制度的选择问题。我国现行人民币汇率形成机制存在着众多缺陷,突出表现为汇率形成机制扭曲、汇率缺乏灵活性、汇率调整缺乏准确依据、较高的维持成本。在我国加入WTO后新的开放形势下,完善人民币汇率形成机制的必要性彰明较著。完善人民币汇率形成机制的核心内容至少包括五个方面,即完善汇率的决定基础、矫正汇率形成机制的扭曲、健全和完善外汇市场、增加汇率的灵活性、改进汇率调节机制。完善汇率机制的实质是提高汇率形成的市场化程度,而不是简单调整汇率水平。完善汇率机制是我国自主的选择,必须要充分考虑我国社会、经济的承受能力,避免汇率大幅波动。     

人民币汇率制度改革和最优汇率制度的选择

2005年7月21日起我国开始实行以市场供求为基础、参考一篮子货币进行调节、有管理的浮动汇率制度,并让人民币对美元升值2%;至2006年8月初,人民币对美元升值3.5%.中国人民银行的这一决定标志着中国的汇率制度改革和经济增长战略调整正在进入一个新的阶段.汇率制度改革增加了人民币汇率的弹性,同时又给中央银行干预外汇市场留下了足够的空间,从而保证了人民币汇率的稳定. 本文通过对人民币升值压力及其所在的分析,结合经济运行的效率,分析目前我国应采取的最优汇率政策,以及该最优汇率政策所应具有的特点,最后得出关于我国最优汇率政策的建议.     

对我国现行人民币汇率形成机制完善的分析

近来国际上要求人民币升值的呼声引发了对我国现行人民币汇率形成机制的深入探讨。通过分析发现,我国现行人民币汇率形成机制存在汇率形成机制扭曲、汇率缺乏弹性、汇率调整无据可依、维持成本较高等缺陷。因此提出了改革和完善人民币汇率形成机制的相应对策,即完善汇率的决定基础、矫正汇率形成机制的扭曲、健全和完善外汇市场、增加汇率的灵活性、改进汇率调节机制及选择合适的改革时机等。     

人民币汇率制度改革和最优汇率制度的选择

2005年7月21日起我国开始实行以市场供求为基础、参考一篮子货币进行调节、有管理的浮动汇率制度，并让人民币对美元升值2％；至2006年8月初，人民币对美元升值3．5％。中国人民银行的这一决定标志着中国的汇率制度改革和经济增长战略调整正在进入一个新的阶段。汇率制度改革增加了人民币汇率的弹性，同时又给中央银行干预外汇市场留下了足够的空间，从而保证了人民币汇率的稳定。本文通过对人民币升值压力及其所在的分析，结合经济运行的效率，分析目前我国应采取的最优汇率政策，以及该最优汇率政策所应具有的特点，最后得出关于我国最优汇率政策的建议。     

事实汇率机制名义锚与汇率制度弹性检验——基于人民币汇率数据的国际比较分析

对外宣称与事实上的汇率机制具有广泛的不一致性。本文在估计一篮子名义锚货币方法的模型框架下,引入汇率市场压力变量来刻画汇率制度的弹性程度,研究人民币汇率机制及其国际比较。分析发现:(1)人民币汇率形成中的名义锚货币发生了转换,欧元开始发挥显著作用,但金融危机背景下我国仍然采取了紧盯美元的汇率制度安排。(2)在调节汇率市场压力的三种方式中,我国主要通过对外汇储备的购买来缓解货币升值压力,主要发达国家则是汇率、利率与外汇储备兼而有之,并主要表现为汇率本身的调整。(3)与世界主要发达国家和金砖国家相比,人民币汇率的弹性仍显不足,模型的参数估计结果并不显著。     

State of confidence,overborrowing and macroeconomic stabilization in out-of-equilibrium dynamics

We model macroeconomic instability as the outcome of the dynamic interaction between debt accumulation and the “state of confidence” in a small open economy with a super-fixed exchange-rate arrangement. We use a system dynamic approach and show that instability is a likely feature when macroeconomic behaviour is characterized by out-of-equilibrium dynamics with balance-sheet effects and deviation amplifying expectation formation rules that interact endogenously. We address the issue of the macroeconomic stabilization puzzle and carry out a quantitative evaluation based on sensitivity analysis with reference to Argentina, during the currency-board arrangement. We find that a tight fiscal policy is likely to be destabilizing inasmuch as it adds to the fall in expenditure, output and the “state of confidence”. On the other side, a traditional monetary policy can fail in switching off macroeconomic instability if the reduction in interest rates does not compensate for the fall in the “state of confidence”, whilst a direct stimulus to aggregate expenditure is required to avoid an economic collapse.     

Profit-sharing in a unionized cournot duopoly

The main purpose of this paper is to analyze when it is optimal for firms in a unionized duopoly to introduce profit-sharing. It is shown that a firm only prefers a profit-sharing system if its own union does not have “too much” bargaining power, and if the union in the other firm does not have “too much” bargaining power. However, if a firm introduces profit-sharing, the employment increases, and the price in the goods market decreases. Hence, even if it is not in the own interest of a firm to introduce profit-sharing, it may be in the interest of the society.     

Exchange-rate adjustments in small market and centrally planned economies

In a centrally planned economy (CPE) that has eliminated detailed central planning of output and foreign trade and introduced some domestic price flexibility and organic linkages to world-market prices, the exchange rate can take on more than an accounting function. This paper contrasts the effects of exchange-rate adjustment in such a “modified” CPE (or MCPE) with those in a market economy. There are a number of reasons why MCPE authorities might eschew devaluation as a policy instrument, despite the possibility that it would be more effective in some cases in improving the trade balance than in a market economy.     

Insights on endogenous money and the liquidity preference theory of interest

It is argued that the debate between “structuralist” and “horizontalist” has long been obscured because of inadequate treatment, in both approaches, of the credit-money supply and of the total money supply. As a result, endogenous money models still have serious limitations today. On the one hand, the bank loan markup and the loan interest rate are exogenous in the horizontalist model, which supposes that they do not depend on the money/liquidity market conditions (as if bank loans did not compete with the existing liquidity). On the other hand, although interest rates are endogenous in the structuralist model, they result from inappropriate treatment of the loan supply and money/liquidity supply. This article aims to remove these shortcomings. It offers a theoretical framework and formal modeling where the creditworthy demand for loans determines the bank loan supply, given the central bank refinancing interest rate, while the total supply and demand for liquidity-money determines the markup and the market rate of interest in accordance with Keynes’s liquidity preference theory. In this framework, the post Keynesian theory of endogenous money and Keynes’s “verticalist” view prove to be analytically complementary.     

Money-supply turbulence and exchange-rate turbulence: Some empirical results

The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a simple empirical test of the hypothesis that volatile money supplies have led to volatile exchange rates. The results suggest that while there may exist a broad positive relation between money supply and exchange-rate volatility, it may not be discernible for small variations in turbulence.     

资本市场开放能抑制企业避税吗——基于沪港通的准自然实验

资本市场开放作为我国金融供给侧改革的重要内容,深刻改变了中国资本市场交易者结构特征,可能对上市公司的自利行为产生深远影响。本文基于沪港通这一准自然实验,研究发现资本市场开放能显著抑制企业的避税行为。影响机制检验表明,资本市场开放不仅有助于提高公司治理水平、抑制高管避税寻租动机,而且有助于改善公司信息质量、增加避税成本,从而降低企业避税水平。进一步研究还发现,这一影响对于税收征管强度较低地区的企业更显著。本文的研究结果表明,沪港通可以作为有效的外部治理机制,促进企业规范自身行为,提高税收征管效率。这为后续进一步深化金融领域开放提供了理论依据。     

Influence of Technology Change on High-Quality Economic Development in China

Since the implementation of the reform and opening up policy, rapid growth has been witnessed in the Chinese economy, thanks to the introduced technological progress as well as the institutional advantages of the country. However, while this exogenous technological progress promotes economic growth quantitatively, it is, unfortunately, not conducive to the improvement of the quality of the economy. Structural imbalances have thus been produced, which hinder the high-quality development of the economy of the country. Besides, by way of the “supply and demand rebalance mechanism,” “resource optimized allocation mechanism,” and “new and old kinetic energy conversion mechanism,” original technological progress can effectively push forward the quality change, efficiency change and dynamic change in the economy, thereby promoting the innovation, coordination, greenness and openness as well as the shared development of the economy. Therefore, the current technological transformation in China needs to change from the second stage—the stage of transition from the introduced technological progress mode to the original technological progress mode then to the third stage—the stage mainly based on the original technological progress, which is the key to the successful transformation of the Chinese economy from the high-speed growth phase to the high-quality development phase.     

Central bank interventions in a dollarized economy: managed floating versus inflation targeting

Effects of interventions by the Banco Central de Reserva del Peru (BCRP) on the sol/USD exchange rate are studied. The BCRP is currently committed to following an inflation-targeting (IT) regime to intervene in the foreign exchange market only to reduce exchange-rate volatility and during specific segments of the day and to make these interventions public information. We find that interventions in the foreign exchange market by the BCRP have been effective in moving the sol/USD in the intended direction during both the past managed floating regime and the current IT regime. Interventions have, however, increased the volatility of the sol/USD, and this increase has continued very strongly under the IT regime. A conclusion is that the BCRP might not yet have gained a sufficiently strong reputation to effectively reduce the exchange-rate volatility.     

资本市场开放与企业创新——基于沪深港通交易制度的准自然实验

资本市场改革能否有效促进实体经济发展是当前中国经济发展面临的重大挑战。基于企业创新研究视角，以沪深港通交易制度作为外生事件，采用多时点双重差分模型(DID)系统考察了我国资本市场开放对公司创新的影响及内在作用机理。研究发现，沪深港通交易制度实施显著提升了标的公司创新绩效，表现为专利产出增加，且该现象在管理层持股比例高、融资约束强的样本中较为显著，表明沪深港通制度通过提升管理层创新意愿与提高企业创新能力两大途径提升创新绩效。进一步分析发现，资本市场开放对企业创新的正向影响在信息透明度低、沪深港通交易活跃股以及法制环境不完善样本中更显著。上述结论不仅拓展了企业创新影响因素研究，也为实施沪深港通交易制度带来的经济影响提供了来自微观公司层面的经验证据，亦为后续完善该项制度提供了参考与借鉴。     

显性部分存款保险下的有效银行退出机制--基于成本收益分析下的博弈分析

目前,中国银行业还没有建立起有效的市场退出机制和相关的制度安排,这不符合市场经济条件下金融业的基本规则,也给国家带来了沉重的负担.本论文通过一个二阶段完全信息动态博弈模型的分析揭示,由于银监会未建立起有效的成本约束下的市场退出机制,使得相机抉择的关闭机制对于商业银行而言是一个不可置信的威胁,促进了商业银行的冒险投资,加之隐性存款保险的存在,形成巨大的社会成本和福利损失.目前条件下,加快市场退出机制建设并建立与之相配套的显性部分存款保险制度是一个上佳的选择.