Trade Protection During the Crisis: Does it Deter Foreign Direct Investment?

This paper looks empirically at the implications that protectionist measures implemented during the current crisis may have had for a country’s ability to attract foreign direct investment. The research utilises data on such measures that are available from Global Trade Alert, combined with bilateral FDI data between OECD countries and a large number of partner countries for 2006 to 2009. This allows us to examine the short‐run effect that protectionist measures may have had on bilateral FDI flows. The verdict from this analysis is clear: a country that implements new protectionist measures may expect that this may result in lower foreign direct investment inflows into the economy. The point estimates from our preferred specifications suggest that, depending on the empirical model, the implementation of a trade protection measure is associated with about 40 to 80 per cent lower FDI inflows. Trade protection does not appear to have any implications for the country’s FDI outflows, however. The negative effect on FDI inflows does not appear to be due to direct investment measures but rather to actions related to intellectual property rights protection and other more trade‐related measures.     

东道国知识产权保护、外商技术投入与贸易福利的门槛效应--来自中国的经验证据

加强知识产权保护是中国扩大对外开放过程中的必然要求。从社会总体福利角度分类型分析知识产权保护的贸易福利效应具有理论创新和经验检验价值。本文以投资东道国为视角,将知识产权保护、技术投入和贸易福利置于同一分析框架,理论及实证研究结果显示知识产权保护强度可通过改变海外企业技术投入决策,从消费者效用和企业收益两方面进一步影响贸易福利。虽然中国知识产权保护对贸易福利的影响存在门槛效应,且影响效果随产品类别和贸易形势的不同而存在显著差异,但中国仍具有进一步加强知识产权保护的制度空间。协调统筹涉外知识产权事宜,灵活把握知识产权保护力度,积极探索新兴领域知识产权保护规则是未来知识产权保护体系构建过程中的重点任务。     

Trends in worldwide intellectual property protection: The case of the pharmaceutical patent

The protection of intellectual property is of growing concern as an issue in international trade. Both the NAFTA and the TRIPS provide chapters on intellectual property, a subject matter included in multilateral trade agreements for the first time. These provisions were designed to reassure owners of such property that their rights would be protected in participating countries. Few industries are as dependent on adequate protection than the patent protected segment of the pharmaceutical industry. It is only through enforceable patent policies that drug companies can generate sufficient revenues to undertake the costly research and development that make the introduction of new products possible. This article examines recent trends in intellectual property protection on a global basis, focusing on differences and similarities within the pharmaceutical industry both in the European Community and the United States. Despite the focus on the pharmaceutical industry, the trends discussed should be of interest to any firm that utilizes intellectual property in its overseas activities. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Intellectual Property Rights,FDI, R&D and Economic Growth: A Cross‐country Empirical Analysis

This paper aims to empirically examine how intellectual property rights (IPRs) protection, foreign direct investment (FDI) and research and development (R&D), along with other possible variables, may affect the economic growth of the host country. Using the panel data of 92 countries during 1970–2007, I conclude from the system generalised method of moments estimation that domestic investment share, FDI, R&D capacity, openness to trade, human capital and IPRs protection all have statistically significant and positive impacts on economic growth. A further investigation of countries at different levels of development suggests two striking findings. First, besides the domestic investment, openness, human capital and IPRs protection, R&D is the key to drive economic growth in the higher‐income countries, while FDI is the engine of growth in both higher‐income and middle‐income countries. Second, a positive and significant impact of IPRs protection on economic growth is found in both higher‐income and lower‐income countries. However, such an impact is not detected in the middle‐income countries.     

How trade and investment agreements affect bilateral foreign direct investment: Results from a structural gravity model

We employ a structural gravity approach to analyse the impact of preferential trade agreements (PTAs), bilateral investment treaties (BITs) and other policies on bilateral foreign direct investment (FDI). We use the UNCTAD global database on bilateral FDI stocks and flows. To control for the heterogeneous nature of PTAs, we employ two different indicators of PTA depth. We find that on average signing a PTA increases bilateral FDI stocks by around 30%. Nevertheless, we also find that ‘deeper’ or comprehensive PTAs (e.g., including provisions on investment, public procurement and intellectual property rights provisions) do not have a significantly different impact than signing regular PTAs. Belonging to the EU single market, on the other hand, has a strong impact and increases bilateral FDI by around 135%, and signing a BIT has an effect that is comparable to signing a PTA.     

知识产权保护与我国利用外资的相关性分析

伴随着经济全球化的不断深化和知识经济的兴起,知识产权保护对国际直接投资的影响备受关注。知识产权保护状况不仅影响一国利用外资的流量,而且在一定程度上影响利用外资的质量,直接关系到外商直接投资形式及进行技术转让的程度。文章在对相关理论回顾的基础上,从定性和定量两个方面,分析知识产权保护对我国利用外资的影响。     

正式与非正式制度对中国吸引外商直接投资的影响--以引力模型为基础的实证分析

本文运用引力模型检验了中国的制度变量(正式与非正式制度)对中国吸引外商直接投资(FDI)的影响.实证分析结果表明,中国的关税水平、汇率和政策变量对中国吸引FDI具有正的显著影响,而中国的开放度和知识产权保护程度对中国吸引FDI具有负的显著影响.政府廉洁程度虽然与中国吸引FDI呈负相关,但在统计上却不显著.     

TRIPs约束下的国际技术转移

《与贸易相关的知识产权协议》的签订一定程度上强化了发展中国家的知识产权保护，使技术的国际转移更多地通过贸易而非FDI的形式进行，同时，也使发展中国家的短期静态收益受损，充分利用TRIPs中的一些条款是发展中国家发展本国技术能力的重要条件。     

宁波进出口企业知识产权海关保护问题探讨

宁波作为知识产权和国际贸易大市,宁波进出口企业知识产权海关保护工作开展的好坏将在很大程度上决定企业的国际竞争力、经济贸易主动权与利益分配格局。本文通过对宁波进出口企业知识产权海关保护现状的阐述,并从宁波企业出口侵权产品及出口产品侵犯宁波企业自主知识产权两方面进行剖析,提出加强宁波进出口企业海关知识产权保护的相关对策。     

外资影响我国出口产品质量的差异性研究:从一个地区市场化程度的视角

我国正在经历从出口成本优势向质量优势转型的重要时期。外资对我国出口产品质量的影响及其差异性成为政府和学界关注的问题。本文从市场化水平、政府与市场的关系以及知识产权保护等三个方面检验了制度因素对外资质量溢出的影响。回归结果表明:(1)市场化程度低确实抑制FDI质量溢出;(2)政府干预对外资质量溢出效应产生了负面影响。在低市场化程度或者高政府干预样本组中,FDI质量溢出效应不显著;(3)知识产权保护对FDI质量溢出的影响程度非常有限。本文的结论为政策制定者提供了决策参考依据。简政放权、降低企业面临的行政成本是促进我国本土企业改善其出口产品质量的重要抓手。     

我国企业构建知识产权战略分析

本文认为,知识产权是企业的无形资产,是企业品牌的主要支撑点,我国企业应从战略层面考虑提高自身的知识产权能力,从创新与知识产权的投资中获得巨大收益。第一,制定并积极实施国家知识产权战略,树立企业知识产权战略,从根本上改变我国企业在知识产权保护方面的不利地位;第二,设立独立、完整的知识产权管理部门,制定完善的知识产权管理制度;第三,积极申请专利和注册商标;第四,结成专利联盟或通过交叉许可与其他企业达成互不起诉协议;第五,利用合作、收购、兼并等方式获得知识产权;第六,增强企业自主创新能力,提升我国企业的国际竞争力。     

商业秘密制度的法经济学分析

在经济学和法经济学领域,对商业秘密制度的研究要明显少于对版权、专利权等知识产权制度的其他形式的研究。与消费者直接相关的信息和知识不应属于企业的隐私,消费者有权知道消费品的全部真相,而保护强度超过版权和专利权的"超级专利权"的商业秘密制度大幅度地降低了消费者及整个社会的福利水平。     

双向知识产权保护对中国出口三元边际的影响

理论分析了双向知识产权保护对出口国出口三元边际的影响,并选取2005—2015年中国出口到世界65个国家的HS-6位贸易数据,构建引力模型进行了实证验证。主要结论是,国内加强知识产权保护可以提升中国的出口种类和数量,贸易伙伴国加强知识产权保护可以提升中国的出口种类;没有证据表明,国内或国外知识产权保护水平的提升会影响中国的出口价格;当国内知识产权保护更强时,双向知识产权保护对中国出口种类的促进作用都有所增强,反之则二者作用都不显著;分国家类型的研究表明,双向知识产权保护的同时加强更有益于中国向发展中国家出口产品种类的扩张,但对发达国家则不显著。     

Intellectual property rights and foreign direct investment

This paper develops a product cycle model with endogenous innovation, imitation, and foreign direct investment (FDI). We use this model to determine how stronger intellectual property rights (IPR) protection in the South affects innovation, imitation and FDI. We find that stronger IPR protection keeps multinationals safer from imitation, but no more so than Northern firms. Instead, the increased difficulty of imitation generates resource wasting and imitation disincentive effects that reduce both FDI and innovation. The greater resources absorbed in imitation crowd out FDI. Reduced FDI then transmits resource scarcity in the South back to the North and consequently contracts innovation.     

我国知识产权贸易竞争力分析及发展对策

知识产权贸易研究与商品及服务贸易研究相比寥若晨星,国内研究文献基本局限于定性的描述,缺乏对知识产权贸易内容的严格界定和定量分析。本文界定狭义知识产权贸易为专利许可服务贸易、商标许可贸易以及版权贸易,利用TC指数进行知识产权贸易竞争优势的国际比较,并在竞争优势框架内探讨我国知识产权贸易的发展。     

知识产权保护对国际贸易的影响及中国的对策

随着经济全球化的深入,知识产权保护的国际贸易化特征凸显,发达国家与发展中国家在与贸易有关的知识产权保护领域的矛盾与冲突加剧,国际市场及利益分配格局发生改变.充分认识知识产权保护对国际贸易的影响并制定相应的知识产权策略,是中国以及广大发展中国家的重要课题.     

WTO体制下的海峡两岸高等教育服务贸易若干法律问题

两岸关系的缓和与经贸的快速发展,为海峡两岸的高等教育服务贸易发展奠定了基础。两岸应当向对方开放自己的高等教育服务贸易市场,同时在发展高等教育服务贸易中应注意解决学历、学位的互相认可、学生权益的保护、教育投资和教育投资者的保护及知识产权保护的立法与法律实施问题。     

Intermediary Products: FDI Strategies,Imports, Exports,and Trade Balances in Developed Economies

Has the relationship between the dominant investment motives of multinational enterprises (MNEs) and national trade balances, imports, and exports changed over time? A 1996 study hypothesized and found that the MNE market versus resource seeking investment motives in developed countries (DCs) resulted in different aggregate impacts on national trade balances, imports, and exports. In this study, we ask whether the increased use of intermediary products, a major change in the way MNEs conduct business, affect the previously found patterns. Because firm‐level data on intermediary products is not widely available across countries, we indirectly test their impact, hypothesizing that the rise in use of intermediary products has changed MNE investment motives in DCs, resulting in stronger relationships between foreign direct investment (FDI) and imports/exports in high‐FDI DCs but weaker links between FDI and national trade balances. Implications and future research directions are discussed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

German Direct Investment in the UK, 1871–1918

This article examines German direct investment in the United Kingdom between 1871 and 1918. It is based on a new databank encompassing 179 empirical cases of FDI in sales subsidiaries, production units and service sector companies during a period when Anglo-German trade was intensive. FDI was growing as well, due both to the increasing competitiveness of German companies and to rising British non-tariff barriers to trade. German FDI in Britain is put into perspective by comparing it with German FDI elsewhere and with other FDI in the UK. Against this background the article ascertains from a German home country perspective what shape and extent investments took. Investments originating from 14 different branches of the economy are analysed according to type of investment, capital invested, branch, products, legal form chosen, date of entry, and location in the UK. The determinants behind investments are examined, and German FDI in this period is shown to be multi-causal.     

Institutional determinants of inward FDI: Evidence from Pakistan

FDI has been growing at a spectacular pace all over the world and emerging countries have been successful in attracting more FDI compared to developed countries. Institutional factors are becoming more important as determinants of inward FDI for emerging markets. However, research in this area is inadequate and also incosnsistent in terms of findings. In this paper, we have examined the institutional determinants of Pakistani FDI inflows and also examined the relative importance of those factors. The paper has found that certain institutional determinants such as size of the government, legal structure and strong property rights, freedom to trade and civil liberty have strong positive effect on FDI inflows. Among the institutional variables, regulation has been found to be most important to influence inward FDI flow to Pakistan. The paper has also found evidence that there was a structural break in FDI flows in Pakistan which coincides with market liberalization programme in early 1990s. This confirms the effectiveness of conducive institutional environment to attract foreign investment. Moreover, we have found that military government is more successful in attracting FDI compared to democratic government in Pakistan.