收益法应用中收益额的选择及其预测

收益法是指将资产未来收益折成现值以估算资产价值的方法,这种方法被称为资产评估三种基本方法中先进的方法.但收益法中主要参数的预测难度大,受较强的主观判断和未来收益不可预见因素的影响,使方法本身思路方面的先进性大打折扣.本文试就收益法应用中收益额的选择及其预测问题进行探讨.     

Income Shifting in the Spanish Dual Income Tax*

Based on a model of behavioural response to taxes, and using the Taxpayers Panel from the Instituto de Estudios Fiscales for the period 1999–2009, we analyse whether the dual nature of the Spanish personal income tax (PIT), reinforced by the 2007 reform, has influenced taxpayers’ behaviour, causing them to convert part of their ‘general income’ (from labour, real estate or economic activities) into ‘savings income’ (from movable capital or capital gains). We also extend the analysis of income shifting and study whether Spanish taxpayers also responded to the different tax treatments given to the two types of savings income (from movable capital and capital gains) until 2007, transforming savings income from one type to the other. The results of our study demonstrate three facts. First, Spanish taxpayers did respond to the different tax rates, shifting income from the general base to different forms of savings, especially capital gains. The highest‐income individuals and the self‐employed and business owners are the groups where this behaviour was most marked. Second, the self‐employed and business owners also turned income from movable assets into capital gains, guided by their different tax rates. And third, we find signs of ‘anticipation’ and ‘learning’ effects caused by the 2007 tax reform. We believe that the results obtained will enrich the growing literature on income shifting.     

论证券投资基金的收益及其分配

证券投资基金的收益主要包括利息收入，股利收入和资本利得。在甸证券市场发育不完善的现阶段，出于会计谨慎性原则的考虑，证券投资基金的收益不应包括股票股利和未实现的资本利得。在收益分配方面，管理层对证券投资基金收益分配政策的限制过程多过死，不利于投资基金业的健康发展，基金持有人大会在基金收益分配政策的制定上应当享有更多的决定权。     

On the Usefulness of Operating Income,Net Income and Comprehensive Income in Explaining Security Returns

This study evaluates the usefulness of three earnings definitions (operating income, net income and comprehensive income) in explaining residual security returns. Usefulness is measured in terms of relative information content and incremental information content. In the former, the goodness-of-fit of the return-earnings relationship is compared under each earnings definition. In the latter, the increase in goodness-of-fit due to additional earnings components is measured. Based on a sample that averages 922 firms a year for 18 years, the analysis shows that operating income weakly dominates net income, and that both operating income and net income dominate comprehensive income, in information content. The results also show that those items that account for the difference between net income and operating income have incremental information content, but not those between net income and comprehensive income. The practical and academic contributions of these findings are discussed.     

权力对收入分配的影响及其调节

作为主体拥有的一种强制性地对他人的支配和控制力量,权力显著地影响着人们获取收入的机会、能力、成本和要素价格,制约着社会的收入分配状况.社会贫富悬殊根源于社会权力分配的不均衡,社会的权力结构规定着社会的收入分配格局.调节收入分配,降低贫富差距的关键在于调节社会权力结构和运行机制.从短期看,就是要通过强化和调节政府权力,加大对国民收入再分配的调节力度;从长远看,需要通过持续的改革,优化社会权力结构,形成经济权力均衡、政治权力民主、文化权力共享的社会权力体系.     

关于财产性收入

"十七大"报告中,有一个新说法,就是如何来增加民众的财产性收入.提出了.创造条件使更多群众拥有财产性收入".对财产性收入的理解,一方面,要把这个概念、这句话放在"十七大"报告的语境中来理解,放在中国当前现实的经济生活中来理解,另一方面,在上述理解的基础上,再看财产性收入能够增加居民收入的前提及条件是什么?在哪些条件下,居民的财产性收入能够增长.在哪些条件下,居民的财产性收入不能够增长,反之,这些条件还可能成为对居民财富掠夺的方式.只有把这些问题分析清楚了,才能为广大群众财产性收入增长创造条件.否则,不仅不能真正落实"十七大"报告的精神,反而成了一些人谋利的工具.     

Comprehending Comprehensive Income

Comprehensive income (CI) contains a mixture of realised, unrealised, temporary, persistent and recyclable elements. How, when and where these elements should be reported in income and equity have been issues intensively debated (and changed) by international regulators over the last 20 years. This article traces the major threads of the debate and places changes within the context of empirical academic research. Our contention is that the recent IAS 1 (AASB 101) Presentation of Financial Statements, effective 1 July 2012, has benefited from past academic research that focused on the value relevance from disaggregation and presentation of unrealised other comprehensive income (OCI). We conclude by outlining the equity posting and recycling to profit or loss (P&L) issues and assert that, because of the inconsistent nature and complexity of OCI, it would benefit from further research.     

收入分配改革关键看政府

收入分配改革是中国政府下一步要推动的改革,也是中国社会结构调整的重要内容.近期,全国人大、发改委、财政部等相关部门都分别在自己的职责范围内,就深化收入分配改革问题展开了调研.     

不征税收入和免税收入若干问题辨析

企业所得税的收入总额按是否属于企业所得税征税范围应分为征税收入和不征税收入,对征税收入按是否享受企业所得税税收优惠再分为免税收入和应税收入。为取得不征税收入和免税收入发生的相关支出都应允许在税前扣除。符合条件的软件企业即征即退的增值税款作为不征税收入处理,会虚增企业的应纳税所得额,作为免税收入处理,才符合鼓励软件产业发展的国家产业政策。至于软件企业将即征即退的增值税款用于研究开发,对研究开发费用的加计扣除产生的影响,应通过规范实行加计扣除的研究开发费用的计算基数解决。     

从居民收入看个人所得税制改革

我国居民收入分配的差距过大和人个所得税制改革未根本到位是经济增长速度趋缓的重要因素，应通过完善个人所得税制，诸如提高免征额，改变费用扣除标准，扩大征收范围，调整税率与级距等，遏制盆富两级分化，在保证社会安定的前提下，促进国民经济健康运行。     

规范收入分配秩序 推进收入分配改革

改革开放三十多年来,中国居民收入大幅增长,但分配失衡的问题也日益凸显。收入分配秩序是否合理直接关系到收入分配的结果是否公平,关系到经济增长的好处能否有效地惠及各个阶层。因此,本文认为推进收入分配改革,首先应规范收入分配秩序。本文采用对比分析和实证分析的方法,总结出当前我国收入分配秩序中存在的主要问题:垄断行业工资过高、公务员工资制度不合理,灰色收入多,农民工工资低且拖欠现象严重,税收调节力度不够。最终提出了规范当前收入分配秩序的政策建议。     

违法所得的确定——兼论金融业违法所得的立法

违法所得的概念随着市场经济的深入和依法行政的加强,得到越来越广泛和频繁的使用。在行政法领域,尤其是《行政处罚法》实施后,没收违法所得成了法定的行政处罚罚种,其明显的否定性价值评价色彩对公民的生产经营、生活及财产产生了重要影响。因此,违法所得的确定对公民合法财产的保护、行政法律法规的责任承担、国家机关之间权责的协调及国家赔偿等问题都具有重要意义。对于违法所得的确定,应该将定性与定量科学结合,二者缺一不可。     

我国城镇居民收入流动对长期收入不平等影响研究

收入流动是研究收入不平等问题的一个重要视角。笔者通过对我国城镇居民收入流动对长期收入不平等影响的分析发现:(1)在考虑到收入流动的情况下,城镇居民的长期收入不平等并没有各个单独年份的收入不平等那么严重;(2)收入流动对长期收入不平等的缓解程度取决于收入流动的自身变动情况,我国城镇居民收入流动在2000年后呈现整体下降态势,其对我国城镇居民长期收入不平等的缓解程度也出现下降。(3)导致阶层固化的收入流动不利于缓解长期收入不平等,这也解释了进入2000年后我国城镇居民收入流动对长期收入不平等缓解程度呈现明显下降。     

市值管理需要创造性

各位CFO朋友:你们好!市值管理在中国仍是一个新事物,创造性的市值管理行为还是显得较为罕见。作为上市公司市值管理重要决策人与执行人之一的CFO,如何立足公司自身情况,根据经济、行业和市场环境变化,采     

所得税溯源

纵观中外税史,不难看出:大凡创立一种新税,每每出于财政上的需要,且又往往是为了解决战费支出的需要.古罗马首创的遗产税是如此,在英国这个近代"所得税的祖国",所得税的出台也是这样.     

Alternative Retirement Income Arrangements and Lifetime Income Inequality: Lessons From Australia

This paper examines the implications for lifetime income equality of alternative retirement income arrangements, using the Australian scheme as a benchmark. In Australia, the pay-as-you go financed age pension is means-tested and thereby provides a contrast with those countries where part or all of a basic pension is paid to all aged persons. Many governments are considering an increase in the level of means-testing. The results show that the introduction of a universal pension coupled with significant changes and simplifications to the structure of taxation and superannuation have little effect on the redistributive impact of the tax structure in a life cycle framework. The presence of means-testing appears to have no significant effect on life-time inequality. The results suggest that it is possible to eliminate complexities from the system providing retirement benefits without having any deleterious effect on equity. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

分项收入不平等效应与收入结构的优化

从分项收入角度考察城乡收入不平等,不仅能判断产生收入不平等的原因,还能判断什么分项收入有利于增加收入总量;不仅能量化收入不平等效应,还能根据收入不平等效应来优化收入结构。研究发现,分项收入具有性质不同、大小不等的收入不平等效应,其中工资性收入扩大收入不平等的效应最强、转移性收入次之、财产性收入最小;经营性收入是唯一具有缩小收入不平等效应的分项收入。据此,我们认为,城乡居民收入结构优化的方向应该是,稳定维持工资性收入、适当调整转移性收入、适度控制财产性收入并努力增加经营性收入。     

蒋金法:财税调分配

我今天要讲的题目是《完善政府财税政策,缩小收入分配差距》,这个主题和今天论坛经济转型与财政创新的主题可以说联系非常紧密,经济转型大家都知道是经济发展方式的转变,经济发展方式的转变必须要财政创新。第一个经济发展必须由