货币政策“货币渠道”传导机制理论评述

货币政策传导机制是指货币管理部门通过政策的冲击引起经济过程中各中介变量的反应 ,进而影响实际经济变量发生变化 ,实现货币政策最终目标所依赖的方式与路径。货币政策传导机制主要有两种渠道 :货币渠道和信贷渠道。货币渠道主要分析利率、汇率等金融资产价格的变动如何对宏观经济变量产生影响。信贷渠道主要是通过银行、企业、居民财务状况和银行信贷条件的变化 ,分析货币政策对经济的影响。文章在论述货币渠道的传导途径的基础上 ,对货币渠道进行评析。     

如何优化我国的利率传导机制

货币政策对宏观经济总值产生影响是通过信贷、汇率、利率、非货币资产四条途径。利率是现行的最有效的传导途径,央行通过一定的政策作用于货币供给总量,从而导致汇率和利率的浮动,汇率和利率的变动又影响进出口和投资发生变动,最终导致产量、     

利率传导机制分析

利率问题是金融市场分析和金融管理领域的敏感问题,利率传导反映了货币政策由现行的直接控制型传导机制向间接控制型传导机制的过渡.利率传导机制与宏观经济和微观经济主体的运行密切相关.本文从利率市场化生成制度因素,即货币冲击因子、利率跨业和业内传导特征、利率对实体经济传导和利率传导的经济波动四个方面分析了利率传导机制,并运用结构性VAR模型,对利率变动对实体经济的传导效应进行了实证分析,验证了利率传导在不同利率灵敏度产业中的差异.     

基于国际收支视角的人民币汇率与利率联动机制分析

结合我国货币政策和汇率政策,从国际收支视角下金融市场、产品市场和外汇储备三个渠道分析利率和汇率联动的动态循环机制,采用2005年7月汇率制度改革以来的月度数据,基于VAR和VEC模型对不同渠道传导机制的有效性开展实证检验。研究结果表明,2017年以后金融市场和产品市场渠道作用逐渐大于外汇储备市场渠道作用。人民币利率与汇率存在显著的反向联动关系,人民币汇率对利率的影响较强,利率对汇率的影响较弱。汇率的金融市场传导渠道在即期反应迅速、影响较大,但利率的金融市场传导渠道受阻。利率与汇率的产品市场传导渠道较为复杂,短期与中期的影响方向相反。因此,应拓宽人民币汇率浮动空间,加快发展外汇市场,健全利率市场化形成机制,畅通跨国资本流动的传导渠道,并在货币政策的运用中注重利率政策与汇率政策的协调配合。     

浅论我国货币政策传导机制

货币政策传导机制研究的是货币政策的变动经由某种渠道或变量的传导引发真实经济变动的过程。西方货币政策传导的理论归纳起来有四种：利率传导机制，信贷传导机制，资产价格传导机制，汇率传导机制。货币政策的有效传导是货币政策实现其目标的一个重要因素，因此对传导机制的研究与考察很有意义。本文将对货币政策传导机制的理论进行简要的介绍，然后考察了各传导机制在中国的有效性情况。     

利率市场化、汇率改制与国际资本流动的关系研究

随着利率市场化改革、汇率改制以及资本账户开放改革进程的加快推进,我国金融市场面临着前所未有的挑战。本文从理论上分析了国际资本流动与利率、汇率之间的时变和互动关系,并采用时变参数向量自回归模型实证分析了三者之间的时变动态关系。通过进一步分析不同时间阶段我国利率市场化改革、汇率改制以及资本账户开放等对中美利差、汇率波动和国际资本流动的影响效应,结果发现:利率对汇率和国际资本流动的传导渠道相对有限;汇率对利率的传导受阻,但对国际资本流动的影响相对较为顺畅;国际资本流动对利率传导相对较弱,而对汇率的影响十分显著。可见,在利率—汇率—资本流动三者相互传导过程中,利率渠道最为不顺畅。利率对国际资本流动影响渠道受阻,除了因为我国利率的价格机制作用有限和资本账户管制外,另外一个原因则在于汇率日波动受限从而削弱了利率对汇率波动的传导效应,并使得"非平抛利率平价"曲线无法更好地发挥作用。同时为了避免由于难以控制的资本外逃而导致系统性金融风险,基于本文的研究结果,我国金融市场化改革应该遵循如下改革顺序:利率市场化—汇率改制—资本账户开放。     

宏观调控下的汇率与股价关系

本文运用协整检验和差分VAR模型研究了我国宏观调控背景下汇率和股价之间的关系.研究发现,人民币升值与股价之间先后经历了显著的正向变动关系与反向变动关系,二者之间不存在协整关系,只在短期内汇率是A股价格波动的Granger原因.宏观调控对利率、对外贸易和资本流动等三大联系渠道产生了重要影响,对于防范金融风险起到了积极作用.     

G4经济体流动性对我国经济波动的影响

本文通过构建基于G4(美国、欧元区、日本和英国)经济体的货币供给(又称之为发达国家流动性)指标,运用FAVAR模型研究发达国家流动性对我国宏观经济波动产生的影响.研究结果表明,当经济受到风险因素冲击时,发达国家中央银行为了缓解冲击带来的不利影响,增加流动性,此举会对我国金融与实体经济产生影响.短期收紧的利率和汇率政策,在一定程度上减弱了发达国家流动性增加对我国金融经济波动的不利影响,但对我国实体经济产生负面影响.长期中,发达国家流动性的冲击几乎不会对我国宏观经济波动产生显著影响.     

影响我国通货膨胀的汇率传导渠道——基于FAVAR模型的实证分析

汇率能通过多种传导渠道影响我国的商品价格。通过因素增强型向量自回归模型(FAVAR),我们发现汇率对我国的出口额以及国内的物价水平影响较大,而对上证A股收盘价综合指数,上证A股成交额以及工业企业增加值增速的影响持续时间较长,但比较微弱,并且利率和汇率之间相互影响的通道受阻。最后,我们建议应该提高核心技术的竞争力,减少重要物资的进口依赖度。另外,还要推进利率和汇率改革相结合的方式,疏通汇率传导渠道,控制通货膨胀。     

从西方货币政策传导机制理论看我国货币政策传导机制效力

本文归纳了几则有影响的西方货币政策机制理论 :利率渠道、信用供给渠道、资产组合效应渠道、财富效应渠道、股票市场渠道、汇率渠道 ,通过具体分析各传导渠道在我国的效力及存在的问题 ,提出完善我国货币政策传导渠道的思路。     

对外开放和经济波动的关联性检验——中国和东亚新兴市场国家的案例

本文运用研究非对称性冲击问题的实证方法考察和比较了东亚4国(韩国、印尼、泰国和中国)在经济开放过程中内外金融资源的相对价格——实际利差的变化及由此引起的宏观经济(产出、货币和银行信贷)的波动特征。这一研究的政策意义在于通过区分外部因素的基本面(mean)变化和突发性的波动(volatility)对本国经济所产生的不同性质的溢出效应(spillover),为政府制定不同的针对性措施提供理论根据。通过引入非对称“时变波动”(asymmetrictimevaryingvolatility)特征的二元EGARCHVAR实证模型,论文得到了三个主要结论第一,虽然为维持名义汇率的稳定,各国政府都积极地干预外汇市场,由此影响了当期内外利差的收敛,但包括中国在内的4个国家金融的实际开放程度都在不断加大。第二,除上世纪90年代国际资本移动的鼎盛阶段外,各国的经济波动并不是由外部冲击直接带来的,而是国内经济的不确定因素导致的。第三,比较各国经济波动特征,可以发现汇率制度、金融市场的开放程度以及资本市场的发展状况对经济波动有很大的影响。     

Foreign interest rate shocks and exchange rate regimes in East Asia

Using a theoretical dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model and an empirical panel vector autoregression, we assess the transmission of foreign real interest rate shocks on the volatility of various key macroeconomic variables in nine small open economies in East Asia taking into account the role of exchange rate regimes. Both the theoretical and empirical findings confirm the hypothesis that flexible exchange rate may work as a shock absorber when the economy is hit by foreign real interest rate shocks. The findings suggest a clear trade-off between the volatility of real exchange rate and real output to foreign interest rate shocks, both the US and G7 real interest rates, where the responses of real output are mitigated in countries that have more flexible exchange rate regime.     

Is East Asia an optimum currency area?

This paper assesses the empirical desirability of the East Asian economies to an alternative exchange rate arrangement (a monetary union) that can potentially enhance the exchange rate stability and credibility in the region. Specifically, the symmetry in macroeconomic disturbances of the East Asian economies is examined as satisfying one of the preconditions for forming an Optimum Currency Area (OCA). We extend the existing literature by improving the methodology of assessing the symmetry shocks in evaluating the suitability of a common currency area in the East Asian economies employing the Bayesian State-Space Based approach. We consider a model of an economy in which the output is influenced by global, regional and country-specific shocks. The importance of a common regional shock would provide a case for a regional common currency. This model allows us to examine regional and country-specific cycles simultaneously with the world business cycle. The importance of the shocks decomposition is that studying a subset of countries can lead one to believe that observed co-movement is particular to that subset of countries when it in fact is common to a much larger group of countries. In addition, the understanding of the sources of international economic fluctuations is important for making policy decisions. The falling share of country specific factor and the rising role of region factor indicate that East Asia has become increasingly favorable for a monetary union. However, the share of country-specific factor that is still significant implies that it could be costly to renounce individual currencies to advance into a monetary union in East Asia.     

Is the exchange rate a shock absorber or a source of shocks? Evidence from the U.S.

We examine the stabilization role of the exchange rate in the U.S. economy using a factor augmented vector autoregression model. We find that exchange rate shock explains a large fraction of the variation in exchange rate and transmits major disturbances to the real economy. Further, we find that demand and supply shocks explain less than a quarter of the exchange rate movement. We provide robust evidence that although the exchange rate plays some role as a shock absorber, its role as an independent source of shocks is more dominant for the U.S. economy. The foreign exchange market breeds its own shocks which are destabilizing not only to the value of the dollar but to the overall economy as well. Our results suggest that policymakers need to take foreign exchange market fluctuations into account when making macroeconomic policy decisions.     

Swedish Postwar Business Cycles: Generated Abroad or at Home?

The relative importance of foreign and domestic shocks for the Swedish postwar business cycle is examined in a neoclassical stochastic growth model of a small open economy. Since recent research has shown that fiscal policy shocks may be important for business cycles, I extend previous work in the literature by allowing for stochastic fiscal policy. It is found that the introduction of fiscal policy improves the empirical fit of the model, although not significantly so when hours worked are detrended with the HP filter. The results suggest that domestic shocks are more important than foreign shocks for output fluctuations. Among the domestic shocks, innovations in fiscal policy seem to have been more important than technology shocks during this period. Foreign shocks are very important for fluctuations in the real exchange rate and the current account.     

Foreign output and price shocks and macroeconomic activity in Korea

This paper examines the effects of foreign output and price shocks on output and the price level in Korea. The framework is a nine variable VAR model which includes output, price level, interest rate, real exchange rate, money supply, government expenditures, government debt, and foreign output and price variables. Foreign output and price effects are evaluated through computation of variance decompositions and impulse response functions. The variance decompositions indicate significant effects of foreign output on domestic output and significant effects of foreign prices on domestic output and the price level. The impulse response functions indicate positive short-run effects of foreign output on domestic output but insignificant effects on the price level while foreign price shocks have significant negative effects on output and significant positive effects on the price level for approximately two years. The results indicate the importance of including foreign shock variables when modeling the Korean economy.     

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS CYCLES IN EMERGING MARKETS

I document cyclical behavior of real exchange rates (RERs) in emerging and developed economies: stronger RER procyclicality coincides with larger relative volatility of consumption and more countercyclical trade balance. I then reevaluate the sources of fluctuations in emerging economies using an international business cycle model estimated to match the behavior of the RERs. Interest rate shocks, without any frictions, account for most of output fluctuations. This result is driven by imperfect substitution between domestic and foreign goods, which dampens the impact of trend shocks and accentuates the impact of interest rate shocks on output and consumption.     

试析我国贸易余额波动的成因

本文对HoffmaisterandRold幃ｓ( 1 999,2 0 0 1 )与Prasad ( 1 999)两文中的模型进行了扩展 ,构造了一个结构向量自回归模型 (SVAR) ,用以探讨在 1 985— 2 0 0 0年间影响中国贸易余额的因素。文章分析了国外供给冲击、国内供给冲击、相对需求冲击及名义冲击等四类因素对贸易余额的影响 ,并注意区分了结构性和短期性因素。研究结果表明 :实际冲击 ① 是影响中国贸易余额的主要因素 ;人民币汇率存在一定程度的低估 ,但汇率变动对贸易余额影响不大。因此 ,货币性手段将不足以解决所谓的中国“贸易失衡”问题。     

外部供需冲击视角下的东亚货币合作可行性研究

区域货币合作在维护区域金融稳定、促进区域经济发展方面具有不可替代的作用。欧洲主权债务危机爆发后,人们对东亚能否继续进行货币合作产生了疑问,有必要结合欧债危机产生的新情况、新问题,从新的视角探讨东亚货币合作的可行性。文章从供给与需求两方面的经济结构冲击对称性视角,对东亚10个经济体之间的冲击相关系数、冲击规模与调整速度进行了实证分析,证实了东亚区域不同经济体之间存在着不同的对称性,具有双边和次区域货币合作的经济基础。同时文章提出东亚区域未来货币合作的形式、实现路径和风险防范措施。     

Analysis of shock transmissions to a small open emerging economy using a SVARMA model

Using a parsimonious structural vector autoregressive moving average (SVARMA) model, we analyse the transmission of foreign and domestic shocks to a small open emerging economy under different policy regimes. Narrower confidence bands around the SVARMA responses compared to the SVAR responses, advocate the suitability of this framework for analysing the propagation of economic shocks over time. Malaysia is an interesting small open economy that has experienced an ongoing process of economic transition and development. The Malaysian government imposed exchange rate and capital control measures following the 1997 Asian financial crisis. Historical decomposition and variance decomposition allow contrast of shocks propagating under different policy regimes. Malaysia is highly exposed to foreign shocks, particularly under the managed float exchange rate system. During the pegged exchange rate period, Malaysian monetary policymakers experienced some breathing space to focus on maintaining price and output stability. In the post-pegged period, Malaysia's exposure to foreign shocks increased and in recent times are largely driven by world commodity price and global activity shocks.