中国行业层面研究与试验发展资本存量核算

研究目标：测算中国八大行业门类研究与试验发展（Research and Development，R&D）资本存量。研究方法：基于SNA2008的GDP核算框架，厘清R&D支出的资本化核算框架；再利用美国BEA方法测算R&D资本存量。研究发现：1990~2015年，中国R&D资本存量不到美国R&D资本存量的1/4；然而，自1994年后，中国R&D资本存量年均增长率达24.79%，而美国仅为4.86%，中美两国R&D资本存量差距呈逐渐缩小趋势；制造业R&D资本存量占全国R&D资本存量的比例呈上升趋势，从1990年的17.41%增长到2015年的68.08%，这与中国加快制造业转型升级的事实相符。研究创新：给出完整的R&D支出资本化核算过程，首次测算中国八大行业门类的R&D资本存量。研究价值：为分析技术进步对经济增长的影响提供了行业层面R&D投资和资本存量数据序列。     

中国工业行业R&D投入的产出效率与影响因素

运用知识生产函数模型,以中国工业行业（1993~2008）为研究对象,在将R&D资本存量分为本国本行业R&D、本国其它行业R&D、外国本行业R&D、外国其它行业R&D资本存量的基础上,首先运用随机前沿生产函数方法对中国R&D投入的产出效率进行了实证研究,随后综合考虑了人力资本、贸易开放度、技术距离、行业竞争程度、物质资本存量、行业技术水平、产权结构等因素对R&D产出效率的影响。结论显示,除外国其它行业R&D资本对R&D投入的产出效率影响不显著外,其它三种R&D资本存量均有显著的正的影响,且人力资本、贸易开放度、物质资本存量等因素均显著的促进了R&D产出效率的提升,技术距离则对R&D产出效率的提升有抑制作用,行业竞争程度对R&D产出效率影响不显著,高技术行业R&D产出效率要比非高技术行业低,国有产权比重较高行业R&D产出效率与国有产权比重较低行业相比并无显著差异。     

中国R&D资本存量测算：1952~2014年

2008年SNA修订了R&D支出的核算方法,R&D支出不再视为中间消耗,而是作为固定资本形成处理。本文依据2008年SNA和我国R&D统计调查数据等,科学测算了1952年以来每年R&D活动所形成的资产价值,同时对R&D资产进口和出口进行了适当调整。然后,在合理选取和估计R&D资产折旧率、R&D价格指数和基年R&D资本存量的基础上,根据永续盘存法对我国1952~2014年R&D资本存量进行了测算。结果显示,我国R&D投资与R&D内部经费支出的年平均比例为95.5%,我国R&D资本存量总体上呈快速增长趋势,2014年达到42244亿元,且R&D资本存量与GDP之比呈“N”形趋势,经历了先上升后下降再上升的过程。     

中国研发资本测算及其经济增长贡献

本文在国民账户体系（SNA,2008）框架下对中国1952—2014年研发（R&D）资本进行科学测算,在此基础上测度了研发对经济增长的贡献,并利用扩展的索洛模型及隐性变量法进一步分析了考虑研发资本投入的真实全要素生产率水平。研究表明：（1）1952年以来,中国当期新增R&D资产绝对额及相对额均呈快速增长趋势,但与美国相比,水平仍较低;（2）R&D资本投入有效促进了经济增长,其对经济增长贡献达21.95%;（3）过去中国的R&D资本中硬技术比重较高,规则、标准方面的软技术含量相对较低,即技术进步更多地为体现型技术进步;（4）考虑R&D资本投入后的真实全要素生产率水平总体呈先上升后下降的趋势,其经济增长贡献也呈相同趋势,且在近年来对经济增长产生了负向影响。     

创业板上市公司经济绩效及影响因素

研究目标：探讨创业板上市公司经济绩效的影响因素。研究方法：基于2012~2014年创业板上市公司的面板数据,运用贝叶斯模型平均法进行实证分析。研究发现：当期及滞后一期R&D强度对经济绩效存在显著负向影响,而R&D交互作用对经济绩效具有显著正向影响;经营现金流状况、总资产周转率对经济绩效具有显著正向影响;当期广告强度只对权益报酬率具有较显著正向影响。研究创新：第一,选择商品经营、资产经营与资本经营等三个方面的经济绩效指标,分别从R&D创新、广告营销、营运管理等方面探讨经济绩效的影响因素,拓展了研究视角;第二,运用贝叶斯模型平均法研究经济绩效的影响因素,估计结果更加稳健可信,具有方法的新颖性和有效性。研究价值：本文结论对改善创业板公司的创新和经营策略具有较强的现实意义。     

浅析增值税转型的潜在风险及应对措施

一、增值税理论 增值税依据对固定资产的处理的不同分为生产型、收入型、消费型增值税。生产型增值税不允许纳税人扣除购进固定资产所负担的增值税。因而,存在一定程度的重复征税,人为提高了新投资的成本,限制了投资,对投资有机构成低的行业或劳动密集型生产有利。资本投资构成比重越高,重复课税的现象越严重，对投资阻力和经济增长的阻力也就越大。收入型增值税对资本性投入物所含税款的扣除，只允许扣除当期固定资产折旧部分所含税款。     

借款费用资本化对所得税的影响

<企业会计准则-借款费用>规定:因专门借款而发生的利息、折价或溢价的摊销和汇兑差额在符合本准则规定的资本化条件下,应当予以资本化,计入该项资产的成本;当所购建的固定资产达到预定可使用状态时,应当停止其借款费用的资本化,以后发生的借款费用应于发生当期确认为费用.而<企业所得税税前扣除办法>规定:纳税人为购置、建造和生产固定资产、无形资产而发生的借款,在有关资产购建期间发生的借款费用,应作为资本性支出计人有关资产的成本;有关资产交付使用后发生的借款费用,可在发生当期扣除.两者在借款费用资本化的时间划分上没有区别,但在资本化金额上由于会计准则更强调需"符合资本化的三个条件"下的资本化金额,而税法则从实际借款费用支出额(以银行同类同期贷款利率为限)角度考虑,这就产生了两者因在固定资产的入账价值方面的不同而导致固定资产在使用期内各期所得税会计处理上的差异.     

治理结构、R&D投入与绩效的逻辑分析——兼议政府补助的作用路径

以2010—2015年创业板上市公司为样本,采用面板数据及其稳健性标准误修正模型研究了治理结构、R&D投入与企业绩效三者的逻辑联系。实证结果表明：国有持股负向影响企业的R&D投入,股权制衡度正向影响企业的R&D投入,股权集中度、高管持股水平与R&D投入呈非线性关系;高管股权激励的“利益趋同效应”与“壕沟防御效应”共同调节政府补助对企业R&D投入的作用路径;R&D活动具有滞后效应,负向影响当期的企业绩效,但是对滞后两期的绩效水平有显著正向作用。优化公司治理结构,从根源上解决代理问题,是提高研发效率进而促进企业稳健发展的基本路径。     

高管激励、R&D投入与高新技术企业绩效——基于内生视角下的研究

基于内生视角,选取2009—2017年A股中小板块的高新技术企业数据为研究样本,以附加价值的资本增值率来衡量企业绩效状况,构建联立方程组模型,实证分析研发投入、管理者薪酬激励和股权激励对高新技术企业绩效的影响。研究结果表明：薪资激励对R&D投入和企业绩效均存在倒U型关系,股权激励与企业绩效正相关,与R&D投入存在倒U型关系,R&D投入对当期企业绩效存在负向影响,但其对企业绩效的滞后效应为正。进一步研究发现,上述结论在民营企业中普遍存在,而在国有企业中并不明显。     

要素市场扭曲、区域差异与R&D投入

本文利用要素市场扭曲指数及中国高技术产业1997～2009年省际面板数据,考察了要素市场扭曲对R&D投入的影响及区域差异。结果表明,要素市场扭曲对R&D资本投入和R&D人力投入有着不同的影响,抑制了R&D资本投入增长,促进了R&D人力投入;而且其对两者的影响都存在着显著的区域差异。在此基础上,运用门槛检验方法对这种区域差异的影响因素进行了探讨,研究发现,在区域经济发展水平、人力资本水平、财政收入、产权结构和对外开放程度等因素的不同门槛值区间,要素市场扭曲对高技术产业R&D投入的影响程度和方向都存在着明显的差异。     

Incumplimiento del salario mínimo en Europa central y oriental

En este estudio se analiza el incumplimiento del salario mínimo durante el periodo 2003–2012 en diez países de Europa central y oriental con salario mínimo obligatorio nacional. A partir de los datos de EU‐SILC y la metodología propuesta por Bhorat, Kanbur y Mayet (2013), se cuantifica la incidencia y magnitud del incumplimiento. Se realizan análisis de regresión sobre determinantes individuales, laborales y macroeconómicos. Aunque la incidencia permanece relativamente baja, los trabajadores a los que se dirigen las políticas de salario mínimo parecen los más expuestos a su incumplimiento. Con el tiempo, una mayor incidencia se asocia a una razón más alta entre salario mínimo y salario medio.     

Value at Risk in the Suburbs: Eminent Domain and the Geographical Politics of the US Foreclosure Crisis

Several US counties and local governments have recently considered a novel solution to the foreclosure crisis. They plan to use eminent domain to compel the owners of mortgage debt—and specifically of private‐label mortgage‐backed securities—to sell the debt to the government at a price reflecting the loan's market value. The government would then restructure the debt and resell it to new investors. The plans are striking because—in contrast to both development‐driven eminent domain and the federal subprime bank bailout—they would force investors to assume asset devaluation and increased long‐term risk. Notably, the plans have emerged as an instance of financialization‐focused politics in suburbs and suburban cities of color, specifically majority‐black and ‐Latino/a suburbs. Local support for the plans, we argue, is rooted in the long‐term disinvestment of these ‘suburbs of exception', which became targets of subprime lending and eventually sites where the ‘financial exception' has been localized. But these demographic shifts, fragmentation and fiscal pressures have at the same time created a suburban political terrain in which the plans have gained their strongest political support.     

Towards a Theory of Serendipity: A Systematic Review and Conceptualization

Serendipity – the notion of making surprising and valuable discoveries – plays a major role in the success of individuals and organizations alike. Previous research has established the importance of serendipity and identified important individual- and organizational-level antecedents. However, the literature has been dispersed and the boundaries of the concept have been blurry, leading to a lack of conceptual clarity and structure, and thus limiting validity and managerial actionability. Based on a systematic literature review, I synthesize existing management-related research on serendipity and explicate the emergence and composition of serendipity in the organizational context. I first identify three necessary conditions that differentiate serendipity from related concepts such as luck or targeted innovation: agency, surprise, and value. Then, I draw from the literature on sensemaking, event-based theorizing, and quantum-based approaches to management to conceptualize the process of cultivating serendipity in the organizational context as a process of enabling potentiality and materialization, and develop a multi-level theory of (cultivating) serendipity. This conceptualization contributes to our collective understanding of how, why, and when (i.e., under what conditions) organizations can leverage the value in the unexpected, which opens up fruitful avenues for further research.     

Accountability of NGOs in Bangladesh A critical overview

NGOs in Bangladesh have been recognized as effective change agents in the socio-economic arena throughout the world. Their contributions in micro credit, non-formal education and primary health care are widely known. NGOs play a significant role in society. NGO accountability, as a result, has become a critical issue. NGO accountability in Bangladesh has been examined here in relation to patrons, clients and themselves. Of the three relationships only accountability to patrons is in a near satisfactory state. Accountability to clients is handicapped by lack of opportunities of beneficiaries to participate meaningfully in NGO policy making. Accountability to themselves is adversely affected due to the adherence to a strictly hierarchical system and the influence of founding and charismatic NGO leaders.     

Towards an Asian model of human resource management? A comparative analysis of China,Japan and South Korea

There has been much discussion regarding the possible decline and weakening of national systems of human resource management (HRM). Yet, culture and institutions are often cited as the major stumbling blocks to this outcome. Such constraints may dissipate in the analysis, particularly if ‘regional clusters’ are considered where geographic and cultural closeness and ‘openness’ to similar economic pressures exist. In such cases, it might be postulated that convergence in HRM will occur. We argue that China, Japan and South Korea represent such a cluster. This article examines these countries, to see if a degree of convergence is taking place and if it is towards an identifiable ‘Asian’ model of HRM. A model of change is presented that distinguishes between levels of occurrence and acceptance. Details of the development and practice of HRM in each country are then set out. The article ends with a discussion and implications section and a brief conclusion.     

Ansätze und Ergebnisse anglo-amerikanischer M&A-Forschung

Based on a review of established U.S. management journals (1995–2003), six schools of thought are identified within the Anglo-American M&;A research: “Capital Market”, “Principal/Agent”, “Industrial Organization”, “Organizational Behavior”, “Human Resources” and “Strategic Management”. The literature review shows that the definition of M&;A success, the methods applied, and insights from empirical research differ according to the respective school of thought. Empirical studies focus on the resource combinations of merger partners, the specific circumstances of merger negotiations, and on integration management as antecedents of merger performance. Unfortunately, empirical findings have not yet provided reliable explanations for M&;A success. Based on the current state of Anglo-American M&;A research, the authors discuss implications for business practice, identify research gaps, and propose areas for future research.     

Cultural Economy Planning in Creative Cities: Discourse and Practice

While a growing body of research analyses the functional mechanisms of the cultural or creative economy, there has been little attention devoted to understanding how local governments translate this work into policy. Moreover, research in this vein focuses predominately on Richard Florida's creative class thesis rather than considering the wider body of work that may influence policy. This article seeks to develop a deeper understanding of how municipalities conceptualize and plan for the cultural economy through the lens of two cities held up as model ‘creative cities’ — Austin, Texas and Toronto, Ontario. The work pays particular attention to how the cities adopt and adapt leading theories, strategies and discourses of the cultural economy. While policy documents indicate that the cities embrace the creative city model, in practice agencies tend to adapt conventional economic development strategies for cultural economy activity and appropriate the language of the creative city for multiple purposes.     

Introduction of New Technology with a Sound Transition of the Input-Output Structure

We examine the general equilibrium repercussions associated with the introduction of new technologies, using the generalized Leontief system that allows technological substitutions. We show that an untested introduction of cost-increasing technologies in any industry may result in creating a non-productive technological structure that does not satisfy the Hawkins-Simon condition, following the autonomous dynamic adjustment process with structural transitions in the economic system. Therefore, we propose a practicable control scheme of introducing cost-increasing technologies that strictly avoids the creation of non-productive structures in all periods of structural transition, using the available information on the ex ante technological structure.     

Input/output ranges and performance: an examination of US machine tool producers

Despite the establishment of high-tech multinational enterprises (MNEs) in Ireland since the late 1950s, the country did not succeed in closing the technological gap with most of its EU counterparts. The weak National System of Innovation (NSI), and in particular low business and government R&D levels, combined with a lack of research and technology linkages between MNEs and indigenous firms, explain these poor results. However, the Shannon region in the West of the country presents some specific institutional characteristics that could theoretically make the region a strong technological enclave. The various actors in the region - i.e. the administrative, financial, political and research institutions, as well as the business organizations - have indeed infused a new type of economic development. After a brief review of the available concepts and models articulated around these actors and their interrelationships, the paper analyses whether the Shannon region, taken as an illustrative example, mirrors a specific economic and technological localized setting. The study is based on a survey of indigenous and foreign firms.     

Sixty years of discrimination and diversity research in human resource management: A review with suggestions for future research directions

This article reviews discrimination and diversity research published in Human Resource Management (HRM) over the past 60 years. While discrimination and diversity are very different constructs, it is often informative to study them together, because when people recognize each other's diversity, this can result in bias, stereotyping, and discrimination. We conducted bibliographic searches for terms related to discrimination and diversity as well as a manual search through every title and abstract published in HRM over the last 60 years to assess article relevance. The search resulted in 135 research articles with 136 unique studies (i.e., samples) which are reviewed in this article. Sex and race are the demographics that have been examined the most in HRM, while religion has been examined the least. Moreover, the number of studies examining lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) employees in the workplace in HRM has grown quickly within the past 10 years, culminating in a recent meta‐analysis. Our review looks at some of the earliest research published, the most recent research published, and the overall trends we identified in the research over the years for both discrimination and diversity articles. We then make future research suggestions and recommendations to advance the study of discrimination and diversity in the coming years.