贫困人口怎么实现精准退出——基于甘肃的调研

正调查发现,27%的脱贫户认为技能培训效果不大,56.67%的农户未将产业扶贫贷款真正用于发展产业,21.33%的受访者对脱贫奔小康信心不足,28.67%的脱贫户对贫困退出政策不了解和完全不了解。精准扶贫作为我国现阶段扶贫攻坚工作的基本方略,是中国特色扶贫开发的积极探索、创新和实践,也是全面建成小康社会的内在要求。目前,每年都有许多贫困人口退出贫困,但如何确保贫困人口的精准     

黔东南农业产业扶贫项目实施效果及影响分析

加快农业产业发展是农村贫困人口脱贫的主要手段和实现途径,农业产业扶贫是我国实施精准扶贫、精准脱贫基本方略的重要方式。政府通过鼓励、扶持贫困户发展特色产业实现脱贫致富,实施产业扶贫项目,带动贫困地区经济发展,提高经济活力。分析了黔东南贫困地区农业产业扶贫项目实施情况和典型农业产业扶贫项目实施特点,为提高产业扶贫的实施效益,提出相应的对策建议。     

汪洋在全国产业扶贫电视电话会议上强调推进产业扶贫 加快脱贫步伐

<正>本刊讯全国产业扶贫电视电话会议5月23日在北京召开,国务院副总理、国务院扶贫开发领导小组组长汪洋出席会议并讲话。他强调,产业是发展的根基,也是脱贫的主要依托。要认真贯彻落实党中央、国务院决策部署,坚持精准扶贫、精准脱贫基本方略,紧紧围绕贫困人口脱贫目标,培育和发展特色优势产业,在"十三五"期间,要通过产业扶贫,实现3000万以上农村贫困人     

实施精准扶贫、精准脱贫的难点及对策建议

打好农村贫困人口脱贫攻坚战,首要的就是实施精准扶贫、精准脱贫方略。精准扶贫与粗放扶贫相对,指向具体的贫困家庭和贫困人口。当前实施精准扶贫,需要改变输血式扶贫方式,破解粗放扶贫带来的扶贫困境,弄清贫困地区复杂情况,重点以精准识别、精准帮扶、精准管理、精准考核为具体着力点,采取有效措施,切实推进精细化扶贫。     

让特色产业扛起扶贫“大梁”

正产业扶贫是打赢脱贫攻坚战的基础,是决胜的根本,是精准脱贫"五个一批"中的"第一工程"。开展精准脱贫之初,湖北190万建档立卡贫困户、590万贫困人口中,需要靠产业脱贫的就有110多万户、300多万人;目前还有203.8万贫困人口,需要靠产业脱贫的有110多万人。庞大的群体以及绝对的占比,要求我们必须把发展产业放在第一     

发展特色产业带动精准脱贫

正发展产业是实现脱贫的根本之策。党中央、国务院高度重视产业扶贫工作,把产业扶贫作为扶贫攻坚的重点任务全力推进,明确提出通过产业扶贫实现3000万以上贫困人口脱贫。国家"十三五"规划纲要把产业扶贫工作作为脱贫攻坚的八大重点任务之首。近年来,农业部高度重视产业扶贫工作,立足自身职能,不断加大支持力度,落实扶持政策、加强规划指导、打造带动龙头、创新帮扶政策、完善服务支撑,切实推进贫困地区发展产业,确保贫困人口从产业发展中精准受益。近日,中央领导同志对农业部     

产业精准扶贫应坚持三个着力点

正贵州省平塘县是国家级贫困县。近年来,该县把产业脱贫作为重要抓手,努力探索精准扶贫的新机制。通过项目支持特色产业发展,农业扶贫产业已覆盖全部贫困村,覆盖贫困人口比例达到60%。通过走访,调查组认为,打好精准扶贫攻坚战,教育是根本,产业是关键。政府部门应坚持三个着力点,紧紧扭住产业脱贫这个牛鼻子,让贫     

浅析石楼县发展多元产业脱贫

为了深入贯彻落实中央、省委和市委关于精准扶贫精准脱贫工作的决策部署,确保全县按期实现贫困人口脱贫、贫困县摘帽目标,加快石楼县全面建成小康社会进程,石楼县展开多元产业脱贫工作,狠抓多元产业发展。本文对石楼县多元产业政府的扶持办法,落实情况以及发展中存在的问题进行了探讨。     

基于绿色发展理念的山区精准扶贫路径选择——来自重庆市的调查

精准扶贫精准脱贫战略实施进入了关键期,尤其是对广大的山区,作为国家扶贫攻坚的主战场,贫困面广、贫困程度深,实现精准脱贫任务重、时间紧。在此背景下,山区实施精准扶贫精准脱贫中更关注增加贫困人口的收入问题,对资源环境的保护没有给予关注,由此可能会带来生态环境的安全隐患。为确保精准扶贫精准脱贫工作取得可持续的成效,亟需以绿色发展理念,来引领未来精准扶贫精准脱贫工作。基于此,本文在对重庆市武隆区和石柱县调研的基础上,剖析了山区精准扶贫精准脱贫中存在的问题,提出要实现山区精准扶贫精准脱贫战略目标,就必须坚持以绿色发展理念为指导,选择适宜区域特征的扶贫模式;在区域生态环境承载能力范围之内,合理有效地利用资源要素,走社会、经济、生态协调统一的可持续发展之路,切实避免在精准扶贫精准脱贫过程中对生态环境造成破坏,影响区域贫困人口的社会福祉。     

ST-EP模式视域下的旅游精准扶贫驱动机制——以秦巴山区为研究对象

贫困作为一种状态,依靠贫困自身的努力是无法在短期内摆脱的生活困境。在实施精准扶贫的大背景下,扶贫的目标定位于贫困人口的脱贫和发展。本文以ST-EP模式为研究理论前提,选取秦巴山区为研究对象,从政府、企业、社区、贫困人口分析其旅游精准扶贫驱动机制,贫困是一个动态概念,笔者认为要促进贫困村落和贫困人口的脱贫发展,必须要结合多方扶贫主体共同驱动,以扶贫为手段,以贫困人口的脱贫为目标,才能达到贫困地区的社会、经济、文化以及生态的进步和发展。     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.