基于面板数据的代际收入流动研究

基于中国健康和营养调查中的农村数据,在面板数据条件下使用滞后水平变量作为工具变量分别对代际收入流动的单方程和系统方程进行估计,发现特定时期的单方程估计结果受工具变量的选取影响较大,而系统估计所得的代际收入弹性为0.446.这说明父辈收入与子辈收入之间存在较强相关性,代际收入流动性较弱,收入财富呈现出一定的代际继承性.因此,在减少收入分配差距的同时,政府应着重增加公共资源的供给,提供更多的职业培训,从而为农村子女发展创造更多的机会,以增加代际间的流动性.     

中国居民收入分配的代际流动

收入分配的代际流动指一个人在总体收入分配中的位置在多大程度上由他上一代人的位置所决定,或说子辈收入对父辈收入的弹性的大小。本文利用1988年和1995年中国社会科学院"城乡居民收入分配课题组"的调查资料,建立了城镇居民子女收入对家长(父亲或母亲)收入的回归方程,得到了1988 年和1995 年代际收入弹性分别为0.384和0.424。按父母收入高低的居民分组显示,虽然1995年低收入组父母收入对子女收入的影响比1988年有所下降,但高收入组父母对子女的影响力大大增强了。     

代际流动、教育收益与机会平等——基于微观调查数据的研究

本文基于中国健康与养老追踪调查2011年全国基线调查数据,探讨了中国代际收入流动性及其作用机制。当前中国代际收入弹性在各年龄阶段人群中呈现U型曲线特点,90年代出生的居民面临的代际收入弹性较高,即代际流动性较低。运用阶层线性模型分析了代际间的交互作用机制:父代的收入水平和工作性质会通过影响子代个体特征变量的边际系数对子女的收入产生间接影响。教育是打破阶层固化的重要途径,但实证分析表明,父代的职业对子女的教育收益率存在显著影响,机会的不平等阻碍了代际流动。因此,政策改革应当保障教育机会和就业机会的平等,从而推动社会代际收入流动,促进收入分配结构合理化。     

社会保险如何影响代际收入流动

优化收入分配、促进代际收入流动是推进共同富裕的必然要求。本文基于2010—2018年中国家庭追踪调查数据，采用代际收入弹性和代际收入百分位排序关联系数测量代际收入流动，实证检验社会保险对代际收入流动的影响。研究发现，城镇基本养老保险、农村基本养老保险和城镇居民医保显著抑制代际收入流动，新农合对代际收入流动具有显著正向影响，且这种影响在低收入父代家庭和城镇地区更加显著。采用工具变量法控制内生性后的研究结论依然稳健。作用机制分析表明，社会保险通过人力资本、财富资本和借贷资本三种渠道影响代际收入流动。基于实证结论，本文提出相关政策建议以增强社会保险的反贫困和收入再分配功能，进而夯实代际收入流动的物质基础，助力共同富裕和中国式现代化建设。     

劳动力自由迁移为何如此重要?——基于代际收入流动的视角

未考虑人口迁移影响的代际收入弹性估计存在偏误。本文将人口迁移与区域特性纳入代际收入弹性估计方程,并运用迁移概率作为局部工具变量进行估计,发现迁移者的代际收入弹性不到未迁移者的一半。而当前我国代际收入流动的主要问题在于部分人群面临"代际低收入传承陷阱",他们可以通过迁移从而增加就业机会等方式摆脱这一陷阱,这至少可以使一代人免受代际低收入传承的困扰。进一步分析迁移对代际收入传递路径的影响,结果表明教育在可识别的代际收入传递路径中贡献最大,而迁移强化了这一影响。鉴于人口迁移对代际收入流动的重要影响,政府部门有必要进一步采取措施降低劳动力自由迁移的障碍,并合理分配教育资源,以增进社会公平程度。     

收入代际流动研究综述

文章回顾了国内外代际流动研究领域有关收入代际流动的重要研究。首先着重从收入代际流动的含义、收入代际流动的程度以及收入代际流动的机制三个方面对国外研究进行了梳理与归纳,然后对我国国内的相关研究做了概括,最后分析了国内外研究的不足并预测了未来研究的趋势。     

中国城镇代际收入流动实证研究*——基于Jorgenson Fraumeni未来终生收入的估算

本文运用中国家庭收入项目调查（CHIP）1988年、1995年、2002年及2007年独生子女样本,使用Jorgenson Fraumeni未来终生收入法,旨在更加精确地估算中国城镇的代际收入流动水平,并分析其时间趋势、群体分布特点。研究发现：第一,基于该方法得到的未来终生年收入均值可最大程度显著减小父代收入测量误差导致的向下偏误。第二,我国城镇代际收入流动水平趋于下降,收入结构趋于固化,1988年、1995年、2002年、2007年代际收入弹性系数范围分别为（大于0262）、(大于0483)、（0466,0544）以及（0483,0554）。第三,中国城镇的代际收入流动水平呈现非线性特征,不同收入水平的家庭之间代际收入流动差别较大。     

代际收入流动性的所有制差异研究

本文基于中国健康与营养调查(CHNS)1989-2011年的调查数据,通过工具变量法、代际收入转换矩阵法及MLM模型研究了代际收入流动性的所有制差异。研究结果表明:(1)不同所有制部门的代际收入流动性存在显著差异,在国有部门工作的父代对其子代收入的影响更大。(2)不同所有制部门处于收入阶层两端的代际收入流动情况差异较大,国有部门最高收入阶层的代际收入传递程度高达60%;而非国有部门最低收入阶层的代际收入传递程度高达44%。(3)人力资本是影响不同所有制部门代际收入向上流动的主要因素,而家庭背景在不同所有制部门发挥的作用不同。     

人口老龄化背景下父代居住模式对代际收入流动的影响

随着人口老龄化进程的不断加快,收入不平等和收入差距扩大的问题日益突出,代际收入流动问题备受关注。本文从父代居住模式的全新视角出发,利用中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)微观数据,采用对数线性回归模型,引入父代参保状态和再就业状态变量,对我国城镇和农村家庭父代收入对子代收入的影响进行了系统研究。研究发现：(1)父代收入对子代收入的影响呈显著的正相关关系,父代收入越高,促进代际收入流动的可能性越大;(2)父代的健康状况、参保状态影响子代收入,父代医疗方面的支出对子代收入有显著的负向影响;(3)城市中的子代代际收入流动性高于农村,更容易保持或高于父代所在的收入阶层;(4)得益于父代提供的代际照料和代际支持,与父代同住的子代有更高的代际收入流动性。人口老龄化加剧了代际收入流动的复杂性,因此研究老龄化背景下代际收入流动有利于探究子代收入的变动原因及其机制,揭示收入不平等的根源,从而实现社会公平、缩小收入差异。     

中国劳动力市场代际收入流动研究

代际收入流动反映了一个社会的机会平等程度,主要衡量指标是代际收入弹性.由于测量误差和生命周期偏误,同类研究对中国代际收入弹性的估计结果差异较大.基于营养与健康调查的代际数据,笔者纠正了测量误差后得到的代际收入弹性约为0.46,这表明中国的代际收入流动性在国际上处于中间水平.     

Intergenerational Mobility: What Do We Care About? What Should We Care About?

Inequality threatens intergenerational income mobility, but different types of inequality threaten mobility in different ways, raising distinct policy challenges. This is why empirical researchers should be agnostic in the choice of statistics they use to measure intergenerational mobility. I argue that Australia is on the whole characterised by a good deal of intergenerational mobility, but that a full picture requires judicious international comparisons across different dimensions of mobility citizens care about, mobility not just of incomes, but also of position and direction, particularly the scope for upward mobility.     

Intergenerational Earnings and Income Mobility in Spain

This paper contributes to the large number of studies on intergenerational earnings and income mobility by providing new evidence for Spain. Since there are no Spanish surveys covering long‐term information on both children and their fathers' income or earnings, we deal with this selection problem using the two‐sample two‐stage least squares estimator. We find that intergenerational mobility in Spain is similar to that in France, lower than in the Nordic countries and Britain, and higher than in Italy and the United States. Furthermore, we use the Chadwick and Solon approach to explore intergenerational mobility in the case of daughters and we find similar results by gender.     

The Sins of the Fathers: Intergenerational Income Mobility in China

This paper aims to obtain an accurate estimate of China's intergenerational income mobility and to present evidence on its distributional pattern. Using panel data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) over the period 1989–2009, I find that China is less mobile than most developed countries. Then, I employ five different approaches to investigate the distributional pattern of China's intergenerational mobility across income levels. The results suggest that poor families have relatively high mobility, indicating opportunities for the poor children to escape poverty. Finally, I show that while wealthy fathers are likely to pass on their favorable economic status to their sons, rich sons come from a very wide range of family economic backgrounds.     

Parental Wealth and the Black–White Mobility Gap in the U.S.

Utilizing longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), this paper examines the relationship between parental wealth and intergenerational income mobility for black and white families. I find that total parental wealth is positively associated with upward mobility for low‐income white families, but is not associated with reduced likelihood of downward mobility for white families from the top half of the income distribution. Conversely, I find that total parental wealth does not have the same positive association for low‐income black families, while home ownership may have negative associations with the likelihood of upward mobility for these families. However, for black families from the top half of the income distribution, home equity is associated with a decreased likelihood of downward mobility, suggesting a heterogeneous relationship between home ownership and mobility for black families.     

代际流动约束下生育率与收入不平等关系的国际检验

收入不平等问题和人口生育率过低问题是当下中国面临的两大难题,但目前理论界关于人口因素与收入不平等关系的研究,很少从生育率视角来考察以及考虑代际收入流动在其中的作用.文章从理论与经验两个方面来考察生育率对收入不平等的影响,理论模型表明:在关于代际收入流动的假设下,一个经济体中生育率的提高会使穷人比重提高,进而拉大收入不平等.进一步地,文章利用1970-2011年76个国家(地区)面板数据的经验研究发现:(1)总和生育率的提高会拉大收入不平等,如果每个妇女平均多生育一个孩子,将会使基尼系数增加0.025;(2)以出生率作为总和生育率替代指标的实证结果与基准结果基本一致,这说明不同生育率测算指标高度相关且可相互替代;(3)对于代际收入流动弹性越高、收入水平越低或生育率越高的国家(地区),其生育率提高对收入不平等的拉大作用越大.文章关于生育率对收入不平等影响的作用机制和异质性特征的考察,对于我国如何在实施"全面二孩"政策下寻求应对严峻的收入分配问题之策提供了国际经验和启示.     

Where is the Land of Hope and Glory? The geography of intergenerational mobility in England and Wales*

We present a new analysis of intergenerational mobility across three cohorts in England and Wales using linked decennial census microdata, focusing on occupation, homeownership, and education. Four main results emerge. First, area-level differences in upward occupational mobility are highly persistent over time. Second, measures of absolute and relative mobility tend to be spatially positively correlated. Third, there is a robust relationship between upward educational and upward occupational mobility. Last, there is a small negative relationship between upward homeownership mobility and upward occupational mobility, revealing that social mobility comparisons based on different outcomes can have different trends.     

Intergenerational Mobility Research: Current Challenges and Future Directions

This article discusses major challenges facing intergenerational mobility research in three main domains: (1) the (dis)connection between theory and empirical applications; (2) data gaps; and (3) measurement concerns. In doing so, it highlights theoretical and empirical extensions to better describe, explain and predict complex intergenerational transmission processes in the light of new and rapid administrative data linkages, more mature survey data and other forms of big data. The article concludes with future directions for research.     

家庭借贷约束、公共教育支出与社会流动性

人力资本投资是增强社会流动性的重要手段,然而借贷约束使得底层家庭无力对子女进行最优的人力资本投资;与此同时,富裕家庭则不受借贷约束的影响,总体结果是社会流动性减弱。利用中国健康与养老追踪调查和全国综合社会调查数据,本文发现,借贷约束确实提高了居民收入和教育的代际传递弹性,降低了社会流动性。在匹配政府公共教育支出数据后发现,公共教育支出可以缓解家庭层面人力资本投资的不足,提高教育水平的代际流动性。     

Ordinal Variables and the Measurement of Upward and Downward Intergenerational Educational Mobility in European Countries

This article proposes a new approach to the measurement of intergenerational mobility in education. Borrowing the concept of inequality-sensitive and additive achievement measure axiomatically developed by Apouey et al., we derive new indices of upward, downward, and total mobility, using a “movement approach.” It turns out that the Prais-Bibby and Bartholomew mobility indices are particular cases of the mobility indices we introduce. We then present an empirical illustration based on the 2016 European Social Survey. Particular attention is given to within country differences between fathers to children and mothers to children educational mobility. When comparing two countries, we also make a distinction between gross and net mobility, the latter referring to the case where country differences in the educational structure of parents and children are neutralized.