统筹甘肃省土地利用分区研究

研究目的：对甘肃省土地利用进行综合分区和管制分区，提出各分区内土地利用方向、战略对策和管制措施，为区域土地利用规划、生态环境保护与建设规划的编制提供科学依据。研究方法：采用主成分分析法对各县市的土地利用程度进行综合评价，采用空间聚类法进行综合分区，采用GIS空间分析法进行管制分区。研究结果：将甘肃省划分为7个土地利用区和7个管制区。研究结论：基于主成分分析与GIS空间分析方法的土地利用分区，是在综合分析与主要因子评价和地理区划相对一致性基础上，增加了土地利用分区研究的科学性和定量化水平。甘肃省今后的土地利用与规划应有针对性地提出分区管制措施及调控指标，统筹区域经济发展，缓解区域发展和资源环境间的矛盾。     

基于BP神经网络的矿产资源综合区划功能分区方法研究

开展矿产资源综合区划功能分区研究,对进行差别化管理政策的制定、空间分区管理有理论和实践意义。在分析矿产资源综合区划影响因素的基础上,构建以资源条件、开发基础、生态条件、区域经济潜能为准则层的矿产资源综合区划二级区划的指标体系和分区体系。分析和讨论了矿产资源综合区划二级区划分区方法,并采用BP神经网络方法对甘肃省矿产资源综合区划二级区划进行分类研究,将甘肃省划分为重点发展、一般发展、限制发展和禁止发展4类功能区。结果表明,BP神经网络分类结果符合实际,是对传统区划方法的重要补充。     

三江平原湿地生态功能区划分区方案及分区特征

三江平原是我国最大的淡水湿地分布区,而湿地生态功能区划是进行湿地生态系统管理的重要途径。本文按照生态功能区划的原则,结合三江平原湿地生态系统服务功能特点和生态环境现状,将三江平原湿地生态系统服务功能区划分为3个一级区,14个二级区,并对其分区特征进行分析。为科学、合理地保护和利用湿地,创造可持续发展条件奠定基础。     

广西农业功能区划研究

该文详细地介绍了广西农业功能区划的分区方法和技术路线。广西农业功能区划,根据广西资源禀赋、经济和社会发展情况分为:农产品供给功能区、就业与生活保障功能区、生态调节功能区、文化传承与休闲功能区四类一级功能区。在一级功能区划的基础上,对农产品供给就业与生活保障功能区进行二级分区:农产品供给功能区二级区分为4个综合供给区和粮食等13个专项供给区;就业与生活保障二级区分为:生活保障与农产品供给区、生活保障与生态调节区、生活保障与文化休闲区三类二级区。     

伊犁河谷土壤侵蚀综合分区

[目的]综合分区是差别化进行土壤侵蚀防治与管理的基础,对控制水土流失、修复生态环境和支撑社会经济发展具有重要作用。[方法]文章基于伊犁河谷的气象、NDVI、DEM、土地利用、土壤质地及其有机质等数据,利用水力侵蚀模型、风力侵蚀模型和冻融侵蚀分级方法评估其土壤侵蚀特征,并根据相似性、综合性、空间连续、主导因子和综合因素相结合等相关原则进行综合分区。[结果](1)伊犁河谷土壤侵蚀中,水力侵蚀面积占研究区的83.42%,水力侵蚀在各县(市)均有分布;冻融侵蚀面积比重为16.1%,集中分布于南部、中部和北部天山山区;风力侵蚀面积最小,集中分布在图开沙漠周围。(2)通过地貌类型、侵蚀类型及强度、主要侵蚀限制因子和水土保持措施方向等指标,将伊犁河谷划分为6个一级区和14个二级区。一级区包括北部天山山区、伊犁河丘陵区、伊犁河谷地、中部天山山区、昭苏—特克斯盆地和南部天山山区。[结论]针对各分区水土流失特点,该文探讨了其土壤侵蚀治理方案,冻融侵蚀重点治理区以工程措施和植被恢复为主,水力侵蚀重点治理区主要进行人工经济林与草地种植;土壤侵蚀预防保护区重点采取封育措施对天然植被进行保护,以期为伊犁水土保持提供科学指导。     

日光温室气候适宜性研究 ———以北方地区为例

通过对我国北方地区影响日光温室生产的主要气候因素进行分析,从光、温、风、雪4个方面选取了冬季总辐射、日光温室生产季(10月至翌年4月)阴天日数、年极端最低气温、冬季平均气温、生产季月最大风速均值、年最大积雪深度均值6个因子作为气候适宜性区划指标,采用加权指数求和的评价方法,在GIS技术支持下,对区划指标按照层次分析法确定的权重进行叠加,得到北方地区日光温室发展的气候适宜性区划图,为该地区合理利用气候资源、避免不利气候条件对温室的影响以及科学规划温室发展布局提供了参考依据.     

河南省土地利用分区研究

基于社会经济和自然生态的现状,结合河南省土地利用特征,构建了6个因素层、24个因子层的土地利用分区指标体系,利用专家打分法确定指标因素因子的权重,根据这些因子在各县(市、区)指标的差异性和相似性,采用层次聚类分析法对河南省土地利用分区进行定量分析,同时结合各县(市、区)的实际情况对分区方案做对比分析与定性分析,最终将河南省划分为6个土地利用区.     

基于区域战略的江苏省土地统筹利用分区研究

研究目的:提出区域土地统筹利用分区的概念和划分方法,以江苏省为案例进行分析,为区域土地利用、城乡建设等相关规划的编制提供科学依据。研究方法:结合主成分分析法和空间聚类法进行综合分区;采用演绎法划分实施区域发展战略的土地利用保障区;以空间迭置法构建江苏省土地统筹利用分区。研究结果:将江苏省划分为4个土地统筹利用大区、7个亚区。研究结论:统筹区域土地利用应将土地利用的现实和未来相结合,以土地统筹利用分区作为研究的空间依据,该分区是土地利用区划和土地利用功能分类的结合,属于区划性质,兼有土地利用功能分类的特点。     

内蒙古河套平原盐碱化土壤改良分区特点与对策

[目的]综合区划是进行盐碱地分类改良与利用的基础,对改善生态环境、合理利用土壤资源和支撑农业经济发展具有重要作用。[方法]基于河套平原地貌类型(山地、冲洪积平原、沙漠等),考虑盐碱土形成特点、灌区水利现状及改良方向等,并参考区域内7.2万hm~2耕地(共采集5 399个土壤样品)土壤背景值,根据科学性、适用性、可推广性、可操作性等相关原则进行了河套平原盐碱化土壤综合改良分区和相应改良对策制定。[结果]将河套平原盐碱化土壤改良划分为6个一级区和13个亚区。一级区包括河套倾斜平原灌淤土土壤盐碱化改良区、黄河—引黄总干(二黄河)两河间平地盐碱化土壤改良区、乌加河排水总干沟北侧黄灌盐碱化土壤改良区、河套平原北部狼山南侧洪积冲积平原盐碱化土壤改良区、乌拉山—黄河之间三湖河盐碱化土壤改良区、乌兰布和沙漠东边缘绿洲盐碱化土壤改良区。[结论]将河套平原盐碱地改良治理与利用有机结合,科学划定了分区,并在综合考虑区域水盐平衡基础上,明确了各亚区黄河水和井水配合利用、地下水位调控、改良措施组合的综合改良对策和利用方向,为河套平原盐碱化土壤分区改良提供了依据。     

基于主成分与聚类分析法的城市土地利用规划分区研究——以广州市为例

[目的]土地利用分区是土地利用总体规划的核心内容之一,是合理确定土地利用方向,优化土地利用结构与布局的重要途径。为了对广州市土地利用及未来发展方向提供理论指导,结合其土地利用现状和特点,选取土地利用结构、土地开发利用程度、社会经济状况和环境资源承载力4项一级指标及15项二级指标,建立土地利用综合分区指标体系。[方法]通过SPSS19.0软件,运用主成分分析法提取出前4个主成分,并将其作为新的样本数据,采用层次聚类分析法对广州市土地利用进行综合分区。[结果]根据聚类分区结果,将广州市分为4类土地利用区:中心发达区,包括荔湾区、海珠区、天河区和越秀区;综合发展区,包括白云区、番禺区、花都区、增城区和从化区;重点潜力区即南沙区;资源组合区是(新)黄埔区。根据各分区的差异性,提出各区域土地资源开发利用中存在的主要问题及未来发展方向。[结论]根据各区的自然经济条件及土地利用状况,将广州市分为4类土地利用区具有合理性,能为广州市今后土地利用规划的科学编制提供参考。     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Evaluating Alternative Policy Responses to Higher World Food Prices: The Case of Increasing Rice Prices in Madagascar

Higher world food prices have led many developing countries to adopt policies to mitigate the impact on low-income households. This article sets out a partial equilibrium framework to evaluate the efficiency, distributional, and revenue implications of alternative policy responses. The model is applied to evaluate tariff reductions and targeted transfers in Madagascar. Although lowering tariffs generates substantial efficiency gains, these accrue mainly to the top half of the welfare distribution, and poor net sellers are actually worse off. Developing a system of targeted direct transfers to poor households is likely to be a substantially more cost-effective approach to poverty alleviation.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

Transaction Cost Thresholds in International Rice Markets

Recent episodes of high and volatile prices for grains such as rice have raised concerns about their implications for hunger and poverty. We model price relationships between international rice prices and 221 domestic prices in 47 developing countries that import rice. We use a threshold vector error correction model that accounts for transaction costs of trade in spatial price transmission, and an improved regularised Bayesian threshold estimator for threshold models. Our results show that threshold values are higher after 2008 than before, which suggests that transaction costs in international rice trade have increased in recent years. Threshold values are highest for Latin American countries followed by African and Asian countries, and higher for retail than for wholesale prices. Since 2008, price transmission is slower in countries that responded to high and volatile prices with domestic market‐based interventions such as price controls and faster in countries that responded by lowering tariffs and by implementing production support measures.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.