浅析虚拟团队绩效管理

随着经济全球化、信息网络技术的发展,在现代信息和通讯技术的支持下,许多组织引入了虚拟团队的概念,以满足全球化、组织间协作及有效配置资源的需求.本文以虚拟团队为主要研究对象,结合人力资源中绩效的相关理论,围绕虚拟团队绩效管理的管理流程进行了研究,对虚拟绩效管理中存在的问题及对策进行了详细的分析,以期能够为我国虚拟绩效管理在实践过程中起到借鉴作用.     

虚拟团队绩效的影响因素模型述评及其指导意义

随着网络时代的到来 ,电子通讯和数码技术赋予人类历史上前所未有的远距离沟通的能力。虚拟团队 ,一种新型的跨越边界的团队 ,作为信息时代组织的基本工作单元正在兴起。如何对这种新型的团队实行有效的管理?如何提高这种新型团队的绩效水平?是摆在当今理论界和实践界的一大难题。国外虚拟团队研究领域的专家Johnson在2002年提出了虚拟团队绩效的影响因素模型(themodeloffactorsontheperformanceofvirtualteam简称为FPVT模型)。本文在对该模型进行简要述评的基础之上 ,就其实践意义进行了一番有益的探讨。1虚拟团队绩效的影响因素模型(FP…     

虚拟团队交互记忆系统对团队绩效的影响!——任务复杂性的调节作用

利用对45个虚拟团队的调研数据,通过相关分析和回归分析,探讨了虚拟团队的虚拟性对交互记忆系统的影响、交互记忆系统的各维度对团队绩效的影响及任务复杂性对两者间关系的调节作用。研究结果显示:虚拟团队的虚拟性和交互记忆系统之间存在相关关系;虚拟团队交互记忆系统的3个维度(专长度、可信度和协调度)对团队绩效具有较强的预测作用;任务复杂性对交互记忆系统与团队绩效的关系产生负向调节作用。     

指导型管理——虚拟团队的模式

随着通信网络和信息管理技术手段的引入,团队的组织管理模式已形成新的发展方向———团队虚拟化的模式。遗憾的是,目前对于这种新模式的研究才刚刚起步,一般都是从技术的角度来研究组成虚拟团队的前提条件,而很少探讨虚拟团队的管理模式。在文献回顾的基础上,对虚拟团队的成立前提和特点进行了总结和归纳;并分析了指导型管理的定义和功能及其与绩效的关系;最后,提出虚拟团队的管理模式应该是指导型管理。     

领导风格对团队常规绩效和创新绩效的影响及机理研究

领导-团队模式普遍存在于各种各样的企业中,已有研究表明,领导风格会对团队成员造成多方面影响,进而影响团队绩效,但这些研究未从不同维度区分团队管理绩效,尤其忽略了创新绩效,也没有结合中国特定情境对领导风格进行划分,更没有考虑不同领导风格对不同绩效尤其是创新绩效的影响。基于团队理论和领导行为理论,将团队绩效划分为常规绩效和创新绩效,结合中国情境将领导风格划分为专制型和民主型,研究了不同领导风格对不同绩效的影响及其影响机制。结果表明,团队绩效的变化能够用领导风格来解释,民主型领导风格通过组织认同影响团队创新绩效,专制型领导风格通过团队执行力影响团队常规绩效。     

指导型管理--虚拟团队的模式

随着通信网络和信息管理技术手段的引入，团队的组织管理模式已形成新的发展方向——团队虚拟化的模式。遗憾的是，目前对于这种新模式的研究才刚刚起步，一般都是从技术的角度来研究组成虚拟团队的前提条件，而很少探讨虚拟团队的管理模式。在文献回顾的基础上，对虚拟团队的成立前提和特点进行了总结和归纳；并分析了指导型管理的定义和功能及其与绩效的关系；最后，提出虚拟团队的管理模式应该是指导型管理。     

虚拟人力资源管理的动因、类型及企业绩效的实证研究

本文在对企业虚拟人力资源管理定义、类型进行探讨的基础上,分析了企业进行虚拟人力资源管理的动因及虚拟人力资源管理与企业绩效的关系,运用结构方程模型从实证的角度研究了目前国内企业人力资源管理虚拟的动因及虚拟与企业绩效的关系。本文得出结论是：影响企业进行技术虚拟的因素主要有战略、成本、技术;影响企业进行组织虚拟的因素主要有成本、风险、技术;虚拟人力资源管理对企业绩效有一定的影响,而且技术虚拟的影响要比组织虚拟的影响大。     

基于系统动力学的企业研发团队绩效管理研究

企业研发团队绩效管理研究一直是国内外学者关注的焦点。应用"输入—过程—输出"模型,研究影响研发团队绩效管理的各类因素,提出了研发团队绩效影响因素框架模型,在此基础上借助系统动力学的思想和方法,建立了基于SD的研发团队绩效管理模型。     

团队边界管理、凝聚力和绩效间关系研究

内向和外向视角对团队建设的研究各有其局限,且它们对团队内部过程、外部活动与团队凝聚力的关系以及团队内部过程、外部活动与团队绩效间关系的研究结论存在矛盾和冲突。以结构方程的路径分析技术进行假设检验,研究发现：内向边界管理对外向边界管理影响显著,证明二者具有相互支持与互补的协同关系;内向边界管理对团队凝聚力、绩效有显著影响;外向边界管理对团队凝聚力、绩效有预测作用;凝聚力对内向边界管理与团队绩效间关系具有部分中介作用。     

基于系统动力学的知识团队绩效管理研究

在分析知识团队及其绩效管理的内涵与特点的基础上,论述了知识团队绩效管理的复杂性。借助系统动力学的思想和方法,从系统论的角度研究影响知识团队绩效管理的各类因素,建立了基于SD的知识团队绩效管理模型,为我国企业知识团队的绩效管理提供了理论参考。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Neurally reconstructing expected utility

While the concept of “expected utility” informs many theories of decision making, little is known about whether and how the human brain might compute this quantity. This article reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) experiments designed to localize brain regions that respond in anticipation of increasing amounts of monetary incentives. These studies collectively suggest that anticipation of increasing monetary gains activates a subcortical region of the ventral striatum in a magnitude-proportional manner. This ventral striatal activation is not evident during anticipation of losses. Actual gain outcomes instead activate a region of the mesial prefrontal cortex. During anticipation of gain, ventral striatal activation is accompanied by feelings characterized by increasing arousal and positive valence. These findings affirm the role of emotion in the anticipation of incentives, and may provide an initial step towards a neural reconstruction of expected utility.     

Duplication, Growth and ‘Total Return Economics’

Maintenance consumption is an expense recovered in product prices, yet also a source of taste satisfaction which must be exhausted, rather than reinvested, from the capital affording it. This riddle is solved in the duplication rules: the cost of maintenance consumption is recovered in pay and prices, but an equal flow is exhausted from the human capital of the worker earning the pay. The rules impact tradition in several ways. If output is defined in principle as value added, then it cannot also be described as consumption plus net investment without double-counting the maintenance consumption recovered in prices. Also rate of return in the stationary state is not zero, but is the rate sufficient to offset the exhaustion of individual human capital. The rules lead to new insights into economic return, and support an argument that all growth at the scale of closure is due to productivity gain rather than to thrift.     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Simulating the Effect of Regulatory Systems in a Fishery, An Application to the French Driftnet Albacore Fleet

With a thin economic component, most bio-economic models of fisheries failto assess the effects of the regulation systems on firms. In order to analysethe short term consequences of different management schemes, a simulationmodel is applied to the French driftnet albacore fleet: licence allocation withdriftnet regulation, individual quotas, and individual transferable quotaswithout any input control. Vessel technology is estimated by using the datacollected, and groups of vessels are distinguished according to criteria ofperformance. We present the adjustment within firms and between groupsunder different scenarios (limited entry with and without driftnetregulation, individual quotas and individual transferable quotas allocation),and we compare their results in terms of quasi-rent value and otherindicators such as hake harvests or dolphin by-catches.     

Knowledge as a Path-Dependence Process

By following a new approach proposed by Cognitive and Neuroeconomics, this paper presents and extends that part of Hayek's theory concerning knowledge in path-dependent terms, and shows that this is a fertile theory, opening new lines of inquiry for contemporary economics. In his theory of knowledge Hayek shows that the dynamics of economic change is path-dependent, in a different and more profound way than in the rest of the path-dependent literature. This literature deals with an important controversy, which will be also discussed and its specific and original meaning will be highlighted. As it will emerge, knowledge as a path-dependent process is consistent with cognitive theories of perception and learning and it plays a more important role than is traditionally assumed. Path-dependence is in fact always present in the cognitive dimension of perception and in individual decision-making processes, as well as in the processes of organizational innovation, and even in the macro-dimension of institutional change. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.