非均衡的经济动态模型

本文旨在按现实世界的本来面目建立一个非均衡的内生经济动态模型。在这个模型中 ,源于部门内和部门间关系的内生变量导致资本市场、消费品市场上产量和价格的波动。市场的非均衡过程、存货调节机制以及经济人的最优行为和适应性行为是基于对现实世界的观察进行模拟的。静态性质及其稳定性是作为一般市场动态过程的特例加以讨论的。     

Expropriation risk and competition within the military

How can agents in the military, who control the means of coercion, commit not to expropriate from producers? In this paper we propose competition within the military as one of the mechanisms that can deter predation and consequently create commitment. In our model, even if agents within the military could expropriate all output costlessly, it is attractive to protect producers from predating military units. This marginal defensive advantage and consequently defence is an effective way to potentially eliminate is because there is a other military units, reducing competition and leading to higher future payoffs. Our model predicts that greater internal competition within the military lowers the risk of expropriation and that this effect is strongest for countries with low institutional and economic development. Testing this prediction empirically, we find a robust negative relationship between competition within the military and expropriation risk. In line with our model this effect is strongest for countries at lower stages of institutional and economic development, and it weakens as the latter improve. These results indicate that there may be a short-run component to property rights institutions that varies with the degree of competition among agents who control the means of coercion.     

人力资本与区域经济增长:只是线性关系吗

本文通过引入人力资本部门内的溢出效应,在理论模型推导基础上,利用中国省际面板数据考察了人力资本对经济增长的非线性影响。实证结果发现全国范围和东部地区的人力资本与经济增长之间存在鲜明的非线性关系,且东部地区人力资本溢出效应的门槛值(7.68)明显高于全国平均水平(5.81);同时,由于受人力资本自身存量以及区域经济发展阶段的影响,中、西部地区人力资本与经济增长之间并不存在非线性关系,只存在一般的线性关系。     

Competition,variety and technological evolution: A replicator dynamics model

In this paper a model of technological evolution based on replicator dynamics is developed. Such a model is based on a twin characteristics representation of product technology and on a population approach. The model can give a general representation of technological evolution, but this paper concentrates on the relationship between variety and competition. Variety is considered to be a very important variable influencing economic development. By means of the characteristics and population approach adopted in this paper it is possible to distinguish between inter-and intra-technology competition. In this paper it is demonstrated that the variety of the system can only increase if intra-technology competition is more intense than inter-technology competition. Intuitively this implies that new technologies will only be able to emerge if incumbent technologies experience the competition coming from the new ones to be weaker than their own internal competition.     

Market, Trade and Welfare in General Equilibrium

This paper develops a tractable general equilibrium model of an economy with an arbitrary number of industries under increasing returns to scale and imperfect competition. The market structure of the model economy is expressed by two basic sets of parameters: the degree of competition, and the markup ratio prevailing in each industry. The government is supposed to control the degree of competition through antitrust policy and the markup ratio through entry policy. Using this model, I re-examine the results of traditional competitive equilibrium analysis and explore the effects of competition policies on economic welfare and international trade.
JEL Classification Numbers: D43, D50, F11, F12, L13, L41.     

Pensions,education, and growth: A positive analysis

This study presents an overlapping generations model to capture the nature of the competition between generations regarding two redistribution policies, public education and public pensions. From a political economy viewpoint, we investigate the effects of population aging on these policies and economic growth. We show that greater longevity results in a higher pension-to-GDP ratio. However, an increase in longevity produces an initial increase followed by a decrease in the public education-to-GDP ratio. This, in turn, results in a hump-shaped pattern of the growth rate.     

基于引力模型和地缘经济视角下城市经济发展空间动态分析

随着城市经济区域化发展日益显著,城市群发展模式已经成为地区经济发展的重要途径。"增长极"城市以及"点—轴"之间形成的城市群"网络"开发模式是中部地区城市发展最为突出的特点,也是城市化发展的热点。借助引力模型,分析比较"萍乡市—湖南省长株潭城市群"和"萍乡市—江西省内部分城市"的经济联系量;在此基础上引入地缘经济学,进一步地研究它们之间经济竞争、合作关系。     

创新、经济增长与转型动力——基于山东省的实证分析

笔者运用耦合演进模型,以浙江和广东两省为参照,实证评测了山东省创新与经济增长之间的协同关系.研究结果表明,山东省的综合创新能力整体呈线性增长趋势,制度创新能力较强,但技术创新和创新环境相对较弱;同时,技术创新具有较大的发展潜力,而创新环境缺乏有效的市场竞争与激励机制.此外,山东省的综合创新能力与经济发展水平经历了从轻度失调衰退到良好协调发展的依次演进,并已开始逐步走向优质协调发展;但由于经济增速可能下滑的影响,未来协调发展将面临巨大压力.     

浅析现代经济增长理论的演变

经济增长不仅是经济学研究的永恒主题,更是全世界都普遍关注的问题。从亚当·斯密开始,经济学家就不断地对经济增长进行探索。正是由于经济增长与全世界人民的福利息息相关,所以我们对经济增长的研究就显得格外重要。然而随着经济全球化的发展,传统经济增长理论已经不能解释现代社会经济发展过程中出现的种种现象。理论和现实之间的矛盾促使我们探求现代经济增长理论,以更好地解释世界。因此,对现代经济增长理论的演变进行探索,具有积极的理论和现实意义。本文从经济增长的事实入手,首先界定了现代经济增长的概念,然后对现代经济增长理论的发展脉络进行梳理和阐述,分别对哈罗德一多马模型、新古典经济增长模型（外生增长理论）和新增长模型（内生增长理论）进行了详细分析。通过分析可见现代经济增长理论经历了由技术外生增长到内生增长、市场结构由完全竞争到垄断竞争的演变。     

新经济地理理论研究的新进展

新经济地理理论的创始人保罗·克鲁格曼以规模报酬递增而导致的不完全竞争市场结构为假设前提,在一般均衡模型下讨论了空间经济问题,区别于传统经济地理理论,它引发了众多国外学者从理论扩展及实证分析等层面进行深入研究。本文主要从扩大理论菜单、实证研究以及福利与政策研究三个方面入手,着重回顾了20世纪90年代以及21世纪以来的国外学者关于新经济地理理论的研究成果,期望通过对理论研究的梳理,总结和借鉴区域发展的应对政策。     

城市等级体系演化理论评述和展望

本文围绕城市等级体系演化论题,提出通过纳入地方政府主体及其相互竞争机制拓展该领域理论拓展方向.文章首先回顾了中心地理论、亨德森城市体系理论等经典城市体系演化理论,以及纳入地方政府竞争的空间一般均衡模型;进而重点评述了基于新经济地理学的城市等级体系演化理论,分别是基于线性无限延展空间和圆形跑道空间设定的经济模型.考虑到地方政府主体在城镇体系发展中具有的重要影响力,本文最后提出了在新经济地理城市体系模型框架内整合地方政府主体,考察地方政府间基于土地和税收财政工具展开区域竞争的行为对城市体系演化的影响机制.这是在空间经济理论研究的重点发展方向上进行的开拓,同时对中国城镇化政策发展实践也具有重大意义.     

Franchise fee, competition and economic growth

This paper introduces the different kinds of franchise contract bargaining into a macroeconomic model and accordingly researches the relationship between competition and economic growth. In Nash bargaining model/vertical integration we find an inverted-U shaped or a monotonically increasing relationship between the competitive degree of the intermediate goods market and economic growth. In bargaining of the right to manage model/vertical non-integration our result shows an inverted-U shaped or a monotonically decreasing relationship between the competitive degree of the intermediate goods market and economic growth. In addition, there is an overall negative relationship between the competitive degree of the final goods market and economic growth. Especially, our interesting findings that the pricing rule for intermediate goods firm depends not only on market power but also bargaining power are more general. Therefore, we can further explain the firms' vertical control strategy.     

复杂网络视角下京津冀地区现代制造业竞争态势研究

投入产出表数据描述了区域经济系统中各产品部门间经济技术关联紧密程度,其基本流量表矩阵形式可作为复杂网络邻接矩阵,从而形成有向加权网络。依据投入产出表直接消耗系数矩阵构建京津冀三地及整体产业信息传递网络模型,通过平均资源分配法挖掘产业部门间的资源竞争关系,并构建产业竞争网络模型,引入点权分析京津冀区域现代制造业竞争状态,最终提出促进京津冀现代制造业协同发展的相关建议。     

燃料乙醇“争粮”与“争地”问题的数理模型分析

燃料乙醇的发展是否会危及国家粮食安全是一个存在很大争议的问题。本文利用经典的数理经济模型和优化模型讨论了燃料乙醇发展引发"争粮"和"争地"的机理及其影响因素。本文认为:在短期内燃料乙醇的发展会促使粮食价格上涨进而引发"争粮"问题;从长期看,其发展有利于提高农业经济效益从而增加粮食供给量;政府只要掌控好汽油和粮食价格之间的关系,就能动态调控乙醇的发展规模,使其发展不危及国家粮食安全;在当前粮食短期内供大于求的情况下,可适当扩大粮食类燃料乙醇的生产规模。     

Metabolic growth theory: market-share competition,learning uncertainty,and technology wavelets

Both exogenous and endogenous growth theories in neoclassical economics ignore the resource constraints and wavelike patterns in technology development. The logistic growth and species competition model in population dynamics provides an evolutionary framework of economic growth driven by technology wavelets in market-share competition. Learning by doing and knowledge accumulation ignores the interruptive nature of technology advancement. Creative destruction can be understood by using knowledge metabolism. Policies and institutions co-evolve during different stages of technology cycles. Division of labor is limited by the market extent, numbers of resources, and environment fluctuations. There is a trade-off between the stability and complexity of an ecological-industrial system. Diversified patterns in development strategy are shaped by culture and environment when facing learning uncertainty. The Western mode of division of labor is characterized by labor-saving and resource-intensive technology, while the Asian and Chinese modes feature resource-saving and labor-intensive technology. Nonlinear population dynamics provides a unified evolutionary theory from Smith, Malthus, to Schumpeter in economic growth and technology development.     

论城市政府竞争、制度创新与知识溢出

随着经济的发展,城市政府更多地依靠制度创新促进地方经济的增长。在制度创新过程中,城市政府行为的核心是与其他地区竞争制度创新的进入权,因此,研究制度创新需要依托城市政府竞争的基础,创新成功的一个前提条件是城市政府之间较高的知识溢出。     

晋升博弈中政府官员的激励与合作--兼论我国地方保护主义和重复建设问题长期存在的原因

过去大量的研究强调行政性分权和财政包干下地方官员的财政激励对区域经济发展及其互动的影响。本文建立了一个地方官员政治晋升博弈的简单模型 ,旨在强调地方官员的晋升激励对地区间经济竞争和合作的影响。由于政治晋升博弈的基本特征是一个官员的晋升直接降低另一个官员的晋升机会 ,即一人所得为另一人所失 ,这使得同时处于政治和经济双重竞争的地方官员之间的合作空间非常狭小 ,而竞争空间非常巨大。该模型理解我国区域经济竞争与合作问题提供了一个系统的视角和框架 ,它尤其有助于解释我国长期存在的地方保护主义、“大而全”的地区发展战略和地区间形形色色的产业“大战”和恶性竞争。     

Economic development by the creation of new sectors

The basic theme underlying this paper is qualitative change taking place during economic development. These changes in the composition of the economic system should become one of the most important variables in models of economic growth and development. Our knowledge of the relationship between economic development and qualitative change, however, is still very limited. This paper attempts to shed light on some important aspects of the role played by qualitative change in economic development, by laying the foundations of a model in which changes in the composition of the economic system are endogenously generated by the evolution of the system itself and, in turn, affect its future development. The model has a strong Schumpeterian flavour in that the first entrepreneur entering a market enjoys a temporary monopoly. This temporary monopoly is eroded by the entry of imitators, that gradually increases the intensity of competition. The saturation is reinforced as the demand for what was a new product comes to be satisfied. In this way the adjustment gap initially created by the innovation is eliminated transforming a niche into a mature market, which becomes one of the routines of the economic system. As soon as a sector becomes saturated there is an increasing inducement for incumbent firms to exit and to create a new niche, where once more they will have a temporary monopoly. To put it in another, slightly different, form, we can say that economic development is a process in which new activities emerge, old ones disappear, the weight of all economic activities and their patterns of interaction change.JEL Classification: O0, O12; O30Correspondence to: Pier Paolo Saviotti     

西部经济开发与环境的关系及和谐模式

在经济高速增长的同时,环境保护与经济发展二者之间相互促进、相互制约,相互矛盾而又相互统一。在资源有限的前提下,如何达到经济发展与环境保护和谐的模式,本文通过分析西部开发对自然环境及经济环境的影响以及环境的改变对经济环境所产生的影响,得出经济发展与环境呈正相关的因果关系,通过对目前经济开发与环保之间现有模式的分析,构建了经济与环境并重和谐发展的模型。     

Pattern of Trade and Economic Development in a Model of Monopolistic Competition

The paper introduces differences in production and transaction conditions between countries into a model of monopolistic competition. It applies inframarginal analysis to show that, as transaction conditions are improved, the general equilibrium may jump discontinuously across different patterns of trade and economic development. A country may export a good in which it has exogenous comparative disadvantage if its endogenous comparative advantage dominates this disadvantage. Countries will choose a trade and development pattern to utilize their net exogenous and endogenous comparative advantages in production as well as in transactions.