A monetary policy model for India

A New Keynesian model estimated for India yields valuable insights. Aggregate demand reacts to interest rate changes with a lag of three quarters, while inflation takes four quarters to respond to demand conditions. Inflation thus responds to monetary policy actions with a lag of seven quarters. Inflation is inertial and persistent when it sets in, irrespective of the source. Exchange rate pass-through to domestic inflation is low. Inflation turns out to be the dominant focus of monetary policy, accompanied by a strong commitment to the stabilization of output.     

物价与货币政策调控最优契合的实证研究

本文从货币渠道和信贷渠道对物价与货币政策的关系进行实证检验。结果表明,货币政策与物价水平之间存在稳定的均衡关系,但是货币政策存在滞后性,货币供应量M2的滞后期约为2个月,金融机构各项贷款规模的滞后期约为4个月,并基于此对货币政策调控提出相关建议。     

基于CPI视角的货币政策有效性研究

CPI作为衡量通货膨胀水平的重要指标,是货币当局制定和执行货币政策的重要参考指标。然而,我国CPI编制方法的缺陷与不足使其在相当程度上影响了货币政策的有效实施。本文认为,我国货币当局应当从货币供应量、信贷、财政赤字、投资需求、进出口贸易等方面选取居民消费价格指数的先行指标,构建CPI先行指标体系并将其作为货币政策操作的辅助参考指标,从而提高货币政策制定的科学性与准确性。在此基础上,本文提出了进一步提高我国货币政策有效性的政策建议。     

耐用品、投资专有冲击与货币政策福利

本文构建蕴含耐用品与非耐用品的两部门DSGE模型,研究投资专有冲击对货币政策及社会福利的影响。投资专有技术进步改进了投资转化为生产资本的效率,放大边际成本波动,增加了厂商调价动机和价格水平变动。即使耐用品价格完全灵活,最优货币政策也无法同时稳定价格和实际GDP。研究发现:(1)耐用品相对价格缺口波动率的上升虽然增加了实际GDP波动,但能够有效地降低投资专有技术对边际成本的冲击,减少价格变动的福利损失。所以两部门投资专有冲击时,央行倾向于稳定价格水平。与其相反,在单部门投资专有冲击和两部门生产技术冲击时,最优货币政策应降低耐用品相对价格缺口波动,稳定实际GDP。(2)对比三种泰勒规则:钉住非耐用品PPI、钉住加权平均PPI及钉住CPI,福利分析发现钉住非耐用品PPI最优,钉住CPI次之,钉住加权平均PPI的福利损失最大。就损失程度而言,投资专有冲击的福利损失是生产技术冲击的2倍,表明投资专有冲击加剧了最优货币政策在稳定价格与实际GDP间的权衡。     

How important is the financial sector to price indices in an inflation targeting regime? An empirical analysis of the UK and the US

This paper investigates whether there are benefits in terms of higher economic stability from incorporating stock prices into the price index targeted by the central banks. It also looks into the question of whether central banks should use stock prices as a component of the output stability index and how the index can be constructed. An optimization technique is employed to estimate weights for the various sectoral prices. The obtained weights, which depend on sectoral parameters, differ from those used in the construction of the consumer price index, CPI. Using data from the UK and the US, our analysis demonstrates that in comparison to the CPI, our measure of inflation leads to a higher output stability. Thus, in an inflation-targeting monetary policy environment, it is important to adopt a broader inflation benchmark than the CPI for the general macroeconomic stability.     

中国数量型和价格型货币政策的价格时变效应——基于CPI与PPI“虚假背离”的分析

近年来,中国CPI与PPI多次出现背离式增长,中央银行的货币政策陷入两难。通过构建SV-TVP-FAVAR模型,利用三维脉冲响应分析货币政策对CPI与PPI的时变效应及CPI与PPI相对背离的宏观经济效应。结果显示：数量型和价格型货币政策均具有价格效应,效应维度、效应极值与经济周期、价格指标有关;因此,从CPI与PPI背离的宏观经济效应看,CPI与PPI的阶段性背离实属“虚假背离”,并未带来“外部不经济”。新常态下,中央银行应充分认识CPI与PPI的背离态势,破解物价调控失效的“货币政策之谜”。     

Effects of monetary policy on the REIT returns: Evidence from the United Kingdom

In this paper, we analyze whether a monetary policy based on three main variables (inflation, money supply, and output gap) has a nonlinear impact on real estate investment trust (REIT) markets. In addition, we extend our analysis to examine whether these monetary policy components impact the possibility of boom and bust regimes occurring in the market. Empirically, we propose different Markov-switching model variants to determine the nonlinear time-varying impact of monetary policy on the REIT market. Our results show the monetary policy environment is supposed to affect, on one hand, the REIT returns and, on the other hand, the possibility of boom and bust markets. We prove that expansionary monetary policy has an impact only in the case of boom market. However, an increase in the inflation rate decreases the probability of remaining in the bust regime. As a consequence, we have already outlined several monetary transmission mechanisms that show house prices to have important effects on aggregate demand. Our results confirm that REIT markets are not efficient.     

链式CPI在美国财政政策和货币政策中的应用及启示

为削减债务赤字,美国政府计划把指数化支出政策中衡量通货膨胀的指标由普通的CPI转向链式CPI。针对此问题,本文在介绍链式CPI的概念及其引入目的的基础上,分析了链式CPI与传统CPI的主要区别,并重点研究了链式CPI在美国财政政策和货币政策中的应用,最后提出了对我国的几点启示。     

国际市场对我国价格总水平影响的实证分析——基于货币和贸易传导路径

本文选取2001年至2009年5月份的月度数据,通过货币和贸易两种路径来分析国际市场价格变动对我国价格总水平的影响。其中,货币传导路径以人民币有效汇率指数、一年期贷款利率来研究对我国价格水平的影响;贸易传导路径以CRB指数、进口商品贸易价格指数为变量分析对国内价格水平的影响。通过研究,本文的初步结论是：人民币有效汇率和一年期贷款利率的变化造成国内物价水平反方向波动,国际大宗商品价格对国内价格水平传导效应递减,时间具有滞后性。     

持续性加权核心通货膨胀的测度及其货币政策涵义

核心通货膨胀对于宏观经济决策具有重要参考价值,测度核心通货膨胀是完善我国货币政策目标和框架的重要环节。本文采用自回归和均值回归方法构造的持续性加权核心通货膨胀指数具有低波动性特征,与总体通货膨胀的动态变化高度相关,无论对判断总体通货膨胀趋势还是对确定货币政策取向,都具有一定的参考价值。研究还发现,CPI成分中服务类成分相对于食品的持续性高、权重偏低,短期内可能会增加CPI波动性,长期将造成CPI低估,为此应在降低食品在CPI权重的同时,逐步提高服务类的权重以充分反映我国不同部门生产率相对变化的长期效应。     

Why Don’t Oil Shocks Cause Inflation? Evidence from Disaggregate Inflation Data

This paper uses disaggregate U.S. inflation data to evaluate explanations for the breakdown of the relationship between oil price shocks and consumer price inflation. A data set with measures of inflation, energy intensity, labor intensity, and sensitivity to monetary policy is constructed for 97 sectors that make up core CPI inflation. A comparison of the 1973–85 and 1986–2006 time periods reveals that substitution away from energy use in production and monetary policy were both important, with approximately two‐thirds of the change in response of inflation to oil shocks being due to reduced energy usage, and one‐third to monetary policy. We find no evidence that other factors, such as changes in wage rigidities or changes in the persistence of oil shocks, played a role.     

Exchange Rate Changes and Inflation in Post‐Crisis Asian Economies: Vector Autoregression Analysis of the Exchange Rate Pass‐Through

Macro‐economic consequences of large currency depreciations among the crisis‐hit Asian economies varied from one country to another. Inflation did not soar after the Asian currency crisis of 1997–98 in most crisis‐hit countries except Indonesia where high inflation followed a very large nominal depreciation of the rupiah. The high inflation meant a loss of price competitive advantage, a key for economic recovery from a crisis. This paper examines the pass‐through effects of exchange rate changes on the domestic prices in the East Asian economies using a vector autoregression analysis. The main results are as follows: (i) the degree of exchange rate pass‐through to import prices was quite high in the crisis‐hit economies; (ii) the pass‐through to Consumer Price Index (CPI) was generally low, with a notable exception of Indonesia; and (iii) in Indonesia, both the impulse response of monetary policy variables to exchange rate shocks and that of CPI to monetary policy shocks were positive, large, and statistically significant. Thus, Indonesia's accommodative monetary policy, coupled with the high degree of CPI responsiveness to exchange rate changes was an important factor in the inflation‐depreciation spiral in the wake of the currency crisis.     

An Empirical Study of the Asset Price Channel of Monetary Policy Transmission in China

By testing the impact of monetary policy on the bond market and the impact of the bond market on the real macro economy using different empirical methods, this article examines the performance of the bond price transmission mechanism in China’s monetary policy. Empirical studies show that monetary policy has power over bond yield fluctuations, while the bond market has a relatively limited impact on the real macro economy. Short-term bond yields have relatively significant transmission effects on some output variables, such as consumption, investment, and the consumer price index, while the influence of long-term bonds is not significant.     

中国的通货膨胀预测：基于ARIMA模型的实证分析

通货膨胀预测已经成为中央银行制定货币政策的一个关键性变量。我们在研究国外学者对通货膨胀预测研究的基础上,根据我国1990年1月到2007年11月的CPI月度数据,运用ARIMA模型,对我国通货膨胀进行分析和短期预测。实证结果表明,运用ARIMA(1,1,10)模型为我国的通货膨胀提供了较好的预测,如果央行能依据通货膨胀预测的结果制定相应的货币政策,将有助于避免货币政策的时滞,有利于正确地引导和稳定市场预测,最终提高货币政策的有效性。     

U.S. Monetary Regimes and Optimal Monetary Policy in the Euro Area

Monetary policy in the United States has been documented to have switched from reacting weakly to inflation fluctuations during the 1970s, to fighting inflation aggressively from the early 1980s onward. In this paper, I analyze the impact of the U.S. monetary policy regime switches on the Eurozone. I construct a New Keynesian two‐country model where foreign (U.S.) monetary policy switches regimes over time. I estimate the model for the U.S. and the Euro Area using quarterly data and find that the United States has switched between those two regimes, in line with existing evidence. I show that foreign regime switches affect home (Eurozone) inflation and output volatility and their responses to shocks, substantially, as long as the home central bank commits to a time‐invariant interest rate rule reacting to domestic conditions only. Optimal policy in the home country instead requires that the home central bank reacts strongly to domestic producer‐price inflation and to international variables, such as imported goods relative prices. In fact, I show that currency misalignments and relative prices play a crucial role in the transmission of foreign monetary policy regime switches internationally. Interestingly, I show that only marginal gains arise for the Euro Area when the European Central Bank (ECB) adjusts its policy according to the monetary regime in the United States. Thus, a simple time‐invariant monetary policy rule with a strong reaction to Producer Price Index (PPI) inflation and relative prices is enough to counteract the effects of monetary policy switches in the United States.     

Monetary Policy Rules in an Open Economy with Heuristics: Which Model Is Best?

The choices of policy targets and the formation of agents’ expectation have been critical issues for reconsidering monetary policy management since 2008. The purpose of this article is to evaluate macroeconomic stability in a New Keynesian open economy in which agents experience cognitive limitations. The (im)perfect credibility of various monetary policies (e.g., a Taylor-type rule, strict domestic inflation targeting, strict CPI inflation targeting, exchange rate peg) may lead agents to react according to their expectation rules, and then create various degrees of booms and busts in output and inflation. Therefore, relaxation of the rational expectation hypothesis has potential consequences for policy designs. Our simulations confirm that the business cycles induced by animal spirits are enhanced by strict inflation targeting. Furthermore, a Taylor-type (CPI or domestic inflation) rule or a credible exchange rate pegging system can improve social welfare and stability in an open economy.     

Optimal monetary policy in a small open economy with staggered wage and price contracts

We study optimal monetary policy for a small open economy in a model where both domestic prices and wages are sticky due to staggered contracts. The simultaneous presence of the two forms of nominal rigidities introduces an additional trade-off between domestic inflation and the output gap. We derive a second-order approximation to the average welfare losses that can be expressed in terms of the unconditional variances of the output gap, domestic price inflation, and wage inflation. As a consequence, the optimal policy seeks to minimize a weighted average of these variances. We analyze welfare implications of several alternative simple policy rules, and find that domestic price inflation targeting generates relatively large welfare losses, whereas CPI inflation targeting performs nearly as well as the optimal rule.     

资产价格波动与货币政策调整问题研究

近年来,尤其是在2007年,中国股票和房地产等资产价格快速增长,给宏观调控带来了很大挑战,因此央行在调整货币政策时是否应考虑资产价格的波动,已成为学术界讨论的热点问题。在这种背景下,本文通过对资产价格渠道在货币政策传导中有效性的实证检验显示,货币政策对资产价格有着较大的影响力,然而货币政策通过资产价格渠道影响实体经济效果有限。基于此,本文不主张把资产价格纳入货币政策规则,但是央行在制定货币政策时应关注资产价格的波动。     

Globalization, Macroeconomic Performance, and Monetary Policy

The paper argues that many of the exaggerated claims that globalization has been an important factor in lowering inflation in recent years just do not hold up. Globalization does, however, have the potential to be stabilizing for individual economies and has been a key factor in promoting economic growth. The paper then examines four questions about the impact of globalization on the monetary transmission mechanism and arrives at the following answers: (i) Has globalization led to a decline in the sensitivity of inflation to domestic output gaps and thus to domestic monetary policy? No. (ii) Are foreign output gaps playing a more prominent role in the domestic inflation process, so that domestic monetary policy has more difficulty stabilizing inflation? No. (iii) Can domestic monetary policy still control domestic interest rates and so stabilize both inflation and output? Yes. (iv) Are there other ways, besides possible influences on inflation and interest rates, in which globalization may have affected the transmission mechanism of monetary policy? Yes.     

General equilibrium pricing of CPI derivatives

We examine the issue of pricing forward futures and option contracts written on the Consumer Price Index (CPI), the change of which is a measure of inflation affecting the economy. Traditional approaches postulate an exogenous process for the price level and then derive CPI derivatives prices by standard arbitrage arguments. By contrast, we build the general equilibrium of a continuous time monetary economy that is affected by both real and nominal shocks. The price level and thus the inflation rate are found endogenously and solutions for the prices of CPI derivatives are obtained, which are in closed form in a specialized version of the economy.