湖南省矿山地质环境保护现状及措施研究

湖南省因采矿活动引发的地质环境问题主要有矿山地质灾害、占用破坏土地资源、影响及破坏地下水系统、水土污染。湖南省从法律法规和制度建设、矿山地质环境调查、治理规划、治理备用金制度、评估及企业和政府投资治理等方面对矿山地质环境进行了一定的保护。湖南省矿山地质环境保护需要进一步完善矿山地质环境保护法规体系,通过法律手段促进矿山地质环境可持续发展;实施严格、高效的矿山地质环境行政管理措施;运用矿山地质环境管理经济手段,从影响成本和收益入手,大力发展循环经济,从根本上减少矿山地质环境破坏;采取无废开采,矿区复垦等技术措施对矿山地质环境进行保护。文章还探讨了新建、生产、闭坑三种类型矿山的保护措施。     

浅析贵州省矿山地质灾害特征及防治对策

贵州矿山地质灾害主要有崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、地裂缝、地面塌陷、矿坑突水等,主要分布在西部及北部,以小型为主,大部分为人类工程活动诱发;其中地面塌陷和地裂缝是主要类型,崩塌和矿井突水危害程度最大,诱发最多的是能源矿山。贵州矿山地质灾害防治对策:从矿山地质灾害的分布特征、诱发因素实际出发,加强领导,建立部门联席会议制度;合理规划,健全矿山地质环境保护制度;加大宣传力度,建立矿山地质灾害预警系统,将矿山地质灾害纳入群防群测体系,采用工程治理、搬迁避让等多种手段,确保矿山及周边人民群众生命财产安全;同时,要建立矿山地质环境专项基金,逐步解决历史遗留问题,严把新建矿山准入关。     

对我国矿山地质环境保护工作的对策建议

我国矿山地质环境问题主要有环境污染、环境与资源破坏、矿山地质灾害三大类.我国矿山地质环境保护工作存在的主要问题①监管机制不完善,监督管理职能相互脱节,相关法律法规体系不健全,执法能力有待提高;②矿山地质环境治理资金缺乏;③矿山地质环境治理的相关技术标准数量少,覆盖面窄.文章从加强管理、资金筹措和技术标准等三个方面提出了有针对性的对策建议.     

增强"绿色矿业"理念实现矿业可持续发展

矿业开发活动对社会生态环境的危害越来越严重:占用耕地,诱发地质灾害,破坏水均衡,破坏地貌景观等.通过总结和借鉴发达国家在矿山环境保护方面采取的一系列政策和措施,提出"绿色矿业"理念及解决我国矿山环境保护和实现矿业可持续发展的建议.     

重庆市永川区矿山生态环境问题与对策探讨

调查分析了永川的地质构造因素及矿产资源的开发概况;实地调查统计了由于矿山开采造成的土地资源破坏、地表植被破坏、地下水资源破坏、诱发地质灾害等情况;探寻了引起矿山环境问题的更深层次的原因。通过对国内外矿山生态环境恢复的成功案例的分析,结合永川区近年来在矿山环境恢复治理方面的工作进展及不足,提出了有针对性的适合本地区发展的矿山地质环境保护措施与对策建议。     

我国矿山地质环境保护及其控制指标体系

矿山地质环境是矿山环境的重要组成部分，保护矿山地质环境．对于改善生态环境、促进经济社会可持续发展具有深远意义。我国矿山环境保护近年来虽然取得了积极的进展，但保护与治理形势严峻的基本状况仍未改变。我国矿山环境问题主要表现在环境污染、环境破坏、生态破坏等方面。矿山环境保护与治理指标有噪声治理指标、生态环境恢复指标、资源综合利用指标、地质灾害控制指标四项．指标设置存在不符标准规范．部分指标名称不统一．操作性较差等问题。改进建议：（1）设置指向明确的控制指标；（2）尽量统一指标名称；（3）提高指标的可操作性；（4）提高指标体系的前瞻性。     

广西采石场矿山地质环境保护与治理的思考

广西通过法规制度体系建设、矿山地质环境调查、治理规划等举措对采石场矿山地质环境进行了有效的保护和治理。目前存在责任主体不明、相关法律法规落实不到位、缺乏必要的监管手段、标准不健全,技术投入和支持不够等问题。建议完善自身的法规体系,实施严格、高效的矿山地质环境行政管理;运用管理技术、经济手段,从根本上减少矿山地质环境破坏,扎实推进采石场矿山地质环境保护与治理恢复工作。     

浅议矿山地质环境状况及防治措施

采矿是对环境最具有破坏力的行为之一,面临如此严峻的形势,加强矿山地质环境保护,强化地质环境监督管理已经到了刻不容缓的地步.本文从就矿山地质环境状况、产生原因进行分析研究,并提出了加强矿山地质环境保护管理工作的措施建议.     

保护草原，需要加强生态地质环境管理

加强生态地质环境管理对于保护草原生态、防治沙漠化非常重要。为此,需要打破生态管理的条块分割,从草原生态系统的健康完整性出发,加强草原区大型工程活动和勘查采矿的生态地质环境保护工作。建议公共工程要模范依法采矿,不随意乱采土石破坏草原;道路工程等大型公益性基础设施建设应当力争实现挖方填方平衡利用;严格限制在沙质草原区取土取料,严格限制取用地下水;地表腐植土层资源化管理;落实生态地质环境保护与建设责任;妥善处理以往遗留的矿山生态地质环境问题;合理选择和布局草原区各类工业园区,以产业政策引导生态地质环境保护。此外,应将生态地质环境保护统一纳入常规国土资源遥感监测和评估管理体系。     

无主砂石矿山生态恢复综合规划治理模式探讨

砂石矿山资源总量丰富,分布区域广泛,矿山数量众多,生态环境问题日趋严重,部分责任主体灭失,仅靠政府财政投入治理,资金缺口巨大,治理周期较长。文章通过对砂石矿山生态恢复综合规划治理模式进行探讨,分析砂石矿山地表景观损毁、水土流失、植被破坏、地质环境等生态环境破坏类型,提出结合土地利用综合规划,对项目区划分耕地治理、林地治理、边坡草地治理、坑塘水面治理、道路沟渠配套设施等综合治理分区,针对不同分区分析不同生态恢复治理方案。针对资金来源,提出将治理区纳入国家财政投入项目区、引入社会资本合作、完善矿山地质环境治理恢复基金制度等多渠道投资模式。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.