资本收入税与社会福利

资本收入税是否会引起社会福利损失?对福利的损失有多大?这些问题对经济学家和政策制订者来讲是非常重要的。本文把公共产品引入生产函数或效用函数后,分别分析了平衡预算下和赤字预算下资本收入税的福利影响。最后,本文讨论了经济增长与社会福利的关系。     

企业非道德营销行为治理分析

1企业非道德营销行为的表现 在生产领域，消费者要求货真价实，产品质量好，经久耐用。而一些企业却生产和销售假冒伪劣产品，产品缺乏应有的质量，实际上提供的利益较少，损害了消费者的合法权益。     

现代农业与中国农业发展取向

从技术经济角度看,现代农业是以现代生物技术为核心、应用多领域高新技术生产多类别产品、拥有多种功能的新型农业形态。中国农业现代化建设应特别重视以下问题：全力推进近自然农业的快速发展,构建多级化、关联化的农业产业结构,强化农业基础设施及技术装备建设,大范围推广循环农业,建立具有显著特色的农业块状经济,优化农业生产技术与农业组织方式,加速农业的人本化、社会福利化进程。     

产品内贸易对国际贸易的影响

随着全球化发展的不断深入,国际贸易领域出现了许多新的重大变化,其中最令人瞩目的是全球性生产网络的建立和产品内贸易的不断增长。产品内分工基础上的产品内贸易的发展对于发达国家和发展中国家都具有重要影响,它拓宽了经济开放国家或地区的国际贸易参与度,但处在产品内国际分工不同生产环节的企业所获收益却并非一致。     

限制产品严格责任适用范围的理论分析——基于利益平衡理论

我国《侵权责任法》产品责任中对生产者和销售者适用的是严格责任原则,目的是为了更加有效地保护消费者利益。该文通过对利益平衡理论的分析,阐述生产者与消费者之间不仅存在个体利益的对立和协调,还需要整体利益的统一与维护。在产品责任领域适用严格责任,应该对责任主体和适用范围等有所限制,否则就会导致严格责任的泛化,偏离其应有的规范功能。     

产品内国际分工的国家间利益分配——合作博弈的视角

本文认为,产品内分工是各国依据比较优势与规模经济进行纵向分工的合作组织过程,其合作利益的分配机制是讨价还价,分配依据是各国企业对合作生产做出的边际贡献。因此,本文使用合作博弈的夏普利值方法构建了产品内分工的国家利益分配模型,讨论了要素不可流动与可流动情况下的利益分配情况产品内分工使得各国的总体收益上升,但其在国家间的分配并不均衡。在要素不可流动情况下,技术极端落后国家参与产品内分工的净福利是增加的,而在要素可流动情况下则并不一定;相比要素不可流动的情况,要素可流动情况下的合作总体收益更高,但分配更不均衡;发达国家在要素可流动情况下凭借资本和技术优势获得了世界比较优势,在利益分配中占据了支配地位。     

试论寻利与寻租

从社会福利的角度来看,经济人追求自身经济利益的活动大致可分为两大类：第一类是对生产性利润的追求,包括物质资本和人力资本的投资,技术和制度安排的创新,人们从事的生产活动、研究与开发活动,以及在正常市场条件下的公平交易等等。这类活动是生产性的、增进社会福利的活动,它把生产可能性边界向外推移,增加全社会商品和服务的供给量。没有这样的利益追求,国民经济就不可能增长。第二类是所谓的寻租或直接的非生产性寻利（Directly Unproductive Profit-Seeking),包括谋救特权与优惠的游说活动,权钱交换的腐败行为,偷漏税金、走私放私等非生产性的有损于社会福利的活动。一旦政府开始干预贸易和其他经济活动,人们就会积极行动起来,以使政府制定出有利于自己的政策,从而使政府所创的租金流向从事这些活动的人们。这类活动没有生产出任何商品和服务,反而白白地消耗了社会的经济资源,从而使生产可能性边界向内萎缩,它导致的是经济停滞带而不是增长。下面分别对这两类活动具体加以分析。     

差异化产品市场中企业R&D合作网络研究

对轮辐模型进行简化变形,引入到三阶段动态博弈框架中,研究了差异化产品市场中企业间R&D合作网络与企业研发激励、创新程度以及社会福利之间的关系,并初步探讨了R&D网络结构的稳定性问题。主要结论为:在差异化产品市场中,R&D网络密度越高,则企业的研发激励越小,利润越高;创新程度与社会福利在中等R&D网络密度上实现最大化;空网络是策略性不稳定的网络结构,完全网络是策略性稳定的网络结构。此外,产品差异化程度越高,则企业利润越大,社会福利越小。     

发展绿色产业与开发绿色产品问题研究

进入21世纪以后,以保护环境和发展生态经济为目的绿色革命正在全球兴起,具有促进社会经济可持续发展特征的绿色产品,已经逐渐成为人们的消费时尚,企业也开始将发展绿色产业与开发绿色产品作为获取经济利益的重要途径。本文就我国发展绿色产业与开发绿色产品方面的问题进行了分析和论述。     

跨国公共产品与跨国俱乐部产品有效供给的经济学分析

可以把自由产品以外的经济产品区分为国家自用产品、跨国公共产品与跨国俱乐部产品三种类型;国家自用产品主要由本国生产和提供,跨国公共产品则需要由世界各国联合提供,跨国俱乐部产品则需要由多国联合提供;跨国公共产品与跨国俱乐部产品总量在国际经济体系中的重要性和比重会不断提高,跨国公共产品与跨国俱乐部产品的有效供给是跨国经济合作的基础。     

THE IMPACT OF ANTI‐TERRORISM EXPENDITURE ON ECONOMIC GROWTH AND WELFARE

This paper examines the effects of increasing anti‐terrorism expenditure on economic growth rate and social welfare. It is shown that: (i) spending the least amount possible on anti‐terrorism expenditure will lead to a maximum economic growth rate; and (ii) to achieve maximum social welfare, the government should allocate its budget to anti‐terrorism expenditure. The results shed light on why the US government has chosen to uphold and pursue its anti‐terrorism policies in recent years to present day.     

Can growth-enhanced monetary policy improve welfare when people seek social status?

This paper examines the growth and welfare effects from an increase in the rate of money supply in an Ak type growth model with a relative wealth-enhanced social status motive, production externalities, and liquidity constraints. When only consumption is constrained by liquidity, fast money supply can hasten output growth unless seigniorage revenue is wasted and production externalities do not exist. We find that even though money growth normally promotes economic growth, it does not improve welfare when capital stock is over-accumulated. In general, an optimal monetary policy minimizes seigniorage. Our results also conclude that the optimal monetary policy rarely follows the Friedman rule.     

土地政策调整对经济发展和社会福利的影响

构建了一个土地对社会福利影响的分析模型,并用天津市的数据进行检验。研究结果表明：（1）政府对于土地供应量的控制减少了均衡资本量;（2）严格的土地政策会使单位资本产生的福利量减少;（3）土地政策的适时调整能使经济发展沿着社会福利最大化的路径发展。因此,土地政策的制定应该以社会需求为导向,并通过适时调整以实现社会福利最大化。     

Tax Havens,Growth, and Welfare

This paper develops an endogenous growth model featuring tax havens, and uses it to examine how the existence of tax havens affects the economic growth rate and social welfare in high‐tax countries. We show that the presence of tax havens generates two conflicting channels in determining the growth effect. First, the public investment effect states that tax havens may erode tax revenues and in turn decrease the government's infrastructure expenditure, thereby reducing growth. Second, the tax planning effect of tax havens reduces marginal cost of capital and hence encourages capital accumulation so as to spur economic growth. The overall growth effect is ambiguous and is determined by the extent of these two effects. The welfare analysis shows that tax havens are more likely to be welfare‐enhancing if the government expenditure share in production is low, or the initial income tax rate is high. Moreover, the welfare‐maximizing income tax rate is lower than the growth‐maximizing income tax rate if tax havens are present.     

Fiscal and monetary effects on environmental quality,growth, and welfare

This paper examines the effect of fiscal and monetary policies on economic growth, inflation, environmental quality, and welfare. To this end, the horizontal-R&D growth model is extended to include pollution generated in the intermediate-goods production, and the demand for money through cash-in-advance (CIA) constraints on intermediate-goods production and R&D investment. Fiscal policy embodied in the taxation of pollution decreases output, profits, inflation, and wages in the intermediate-goods sector, reallocating labor to R&D that is the engine of economic growth. As it reduces pollution, it increases welfare if there are strong preferences for a clean environment. In turn, since the inflation rate is an increasing function of the nominal interest rate, the effects of changes in this monetary policy variable extend to the effects of changes in the inflation rate. An increase in the nominal interest rate penalizes employment, wages and output in the R&D sector relatively more if the respective CIA constraint is more demanding and thus economic growth decreases. As it also reduces pollution since decreases intermediate-goods production, it increases welfare if the preferences for a clean environment are strong enough.     

资源约束、利润转移与不经济增长——中国经济高增长中的资源问题

自然资源短缺与人力资源丰富是中国经济发展的主要约束条件。2003年以来,以投资高增长为主要特征的中国经济高增长,导致资源与原材料进口数量激增,价格大幅上升,利润由生产环节向资源供给环节转移,从而使中国经济高增长出现内部效应递减与外部效应递增、GDP增长与社会福利增长弱相关的不经济增长现象。这表明,经济发展必须充分考虑资源承载能力,GDP增长应以社会福利水平相应提高为主要目标,而其前提是,加快政府职能转换与完善市场机制,加强资源深度开发与高效利用。     

损失规避与经济波动的福利成本研究

目前经济波动的福利成本研究均建立在基于消费的效用函数基础上，而引入收入波动后我们发现：收入波动导致的福利成本才是更为重要的因素。本文定义的偏好具有损失规避的特点，在比较温和的参数设定下，考虑了收入波动后得到的福利成本指标A在1．4％--13．4％之间，比此前各种技术方法得到的A值提高了1—2个数量级。采用中国转型期以来的统计数据，消除短期波动的福利效果等同于将消费的长期增长率再提高约0．25个百分点，这表明如能进一步稳定经济的运行，仍会带来可观的福利提升。     

Optimal Thin Capitalisation Rule in a Simple Endogenous Growth Model with Tax Havens

In this paper we study the optimal thin capitalisation rules by developing a simple dynamic general‐equilibrium growth model incorporating tax havens. It is found that a stricter thin capitalisation rule will reduce the incentive to invest, and is therefore harmful to growth. This effect is ignored in previous static studies on the welfare analysis of tax havens. Accordingly, when taking the growth effect into consideration, reducing the utilisation of tax havens has ambiguous effects on social welfare. We also show that a looser thin capitalisation rule could be favourable for the policymakers if (i) the production technology is high; (ii) the existing income tax rate is high; (iii) the rate of time preference is low; or (iv) the weight factor of public consumption in utility is small.     

On the concept of optimum population

The economic welfare of a community is affected by policies that determine both the rate of capital accumulation and the rate of growth of population. The optimum size of population at any point is time will depend on the size of the existing capital stock and the optimum rate of savings will depend on the existing number of people. Consequently, in this sense, a population policy cannot be developed without a concurrent savings policy. The criterion of optimality that will be used is the ma ximization of the total discounted welfare of all generations from now to infinity. The problem will be to select that rate of savings and that size of population at every moment which will achieve this maximum welfare if, in fact, a maximum exists. An inquiry is made into the existence of an optimum policy under various circumstances. An attempt is made to evaluate the consequences of various ethical beliefs.     

税制改革、经济效率和社会福利——基于A-KOLG框架下的动态CGE模拟分析

在经典的世代交叠动态一般均衡(A-K OLG)模型的基础上,建立了一个由一系列不等式方程组所构成的"跨期动态"模型,反现实地模拟了提高间接税同时降低直接税对我国社会福利、经济效率的影响。与基期相比,减少对资本征税会带来福利增长0.34%(纯经济效率提高0.25%),减少对劳动征税会带来福利增长0.1%(纯经济效率提高0.02%)。该实证结果证明了间接税比直接税更有利于实现经济效率的理论观点。因此,提高直接税的比重是需要以一定的经济效率损失为代价的,实行该项举措应该权衡好各方面利弊、把握好改革时机。