风险态度与居民财富——来自中国微观调查的新探究

随着资本市场的快速发展,在风险资产回报率剧烈波动的现实背景下,考察居民风险态度关于财富的函数形式对于研究家庭资产配置和相关市场政策的福利影响有重要的意义。本文使用代表性家庭调查数据,首次通过构建绝对和相对风险态度的指标,系统分析了我国居民风险偏好与财富之间的关系。研究表明,居民的绝对风险厌恶系数是财富的减函数,相对风险厌恶系数是财富的增函数,从而拒绝了常用于经济学模型假设的常绝对风险厌恶(CARA)和常相对风险厌恶(CRRA)偏好。进一步,我们发现背景风险可能是财富对风险态度的作用渠道之一,财富的变化改变了投资者面对的背景风险水平,继而改变其风险厌恶程度和对风险金融资产的投资。这意味着平抑经济过度波动等控制背景风险的政策将有助于提高居民金融市场参与的积极性。     

投资期限与居民家庭股票市场参与——基于微观调查数据的实证分析北大核心CSSCISSCI

经典生命周期投资组合文献假定所有投资者的投资都是持续一生的,因此用投资者的年龄简单替代投资期限,但投资者实际投资期限与理论假定相去甚远。本文基于中国居民微观调查数据实证研究发现,投资者的年龄不能替代投资期限,投资期限的缩短可能主要是因为投资者承担背景风险。背景风险既是影响居民家庭投资期限的主要原因,也显著影响居民家庭对股票市场的参与。研究结果表明,如果要引导中国家庭投资者更多地投资于以股票为代表的风险资产,需要降低投资者的背景风险并延长投资期限。     

随机投资收益率下的双险种风险模型的破产概率

一、模型引入 近年来,许多文献对经典的风险模型R(t)=u ct-N(t)∑k=1zk进行了推广,得到了许多比较完善的结果.文献[1]中考虑了保单到达时收取的保费是一随机变量的双险种二项风险模型,但未考虑将多余的资本用于投资这一重要因素.文献[2]中给出的双险种风险模型虽然考虑了保费收入的随机性以及投资因素,但将单位时间的投资收益率视为一常数在市场经济中不甚合理.在现代市场经济社会中,有多种投资资产如股票、债券、期货、期权等可供人们选择,每一种投资资产的收益率一般不同,即使是同一种投资资产其收益率随着时间的推移也会改变.     

中国股票市场风险溢价研究

本文通过综合资产定价理论和实证文献研究结论,对1997年到2009年中国股市A股股票的风险溢价的截面差异作了详尽的实证研究。我们构造25个投资组合作为检验资产,进行Fama-MacBeth两步回归法,建立了基于市场风险溢价,账面市值比,盈利股价比,现金流股价比,投资资本比,工业增加值变化率以及回购利率和期限利差的八因素模型。我们的主要发现有以下三点:一是相对于Fama-French三因素模型,我们模型的实证解释力有显著提高;二是与过去的文献不同,我们发现回购利率和期限利差等债市指标对股市风险溢价的截面数据有显著解释能力;三是与基于投资的资产定价理论一致,我们发现投资比率和现金流股价比能显著反映我国股市的风险溢价。     

基于LightGBM和SHAP方法的居民投资风险偏好的实证分析

作为金融产品市场的重要客户群体,居民投资者的风险偏好在很大程度上决定了其对不同风险收益特征的金融产品的需求。文章利用LightGBM模型和SHAP方法对2017-2019年中国金融调查数据进行实证分析,基于高维特征充分挖掘居民风险偏好的影响因素及其影响机制。结果显示,年龄、金融素养、家庭收入和收入的跨期变动影响显著,其中年龄和金融素养的影响最为重要,年龄和居民投资风险偏好存在负向关系,而金融素养的提升会抬升风险偏好水平,收入对风险偏好的影响则较为复杂,存在非线性特征。     

关于金融投资收益与风险的分析与研究

伴随着社会的进步和社会主义市场经济的蓬勃发展,我国的金融投资市场也日益扩大,金融投资工具也与时俱进。金融投资既具有风险同时也会产生较高收益,它有利于提高我国的居民收入同时还有利于扩大消费,既可以培育新的消费热点同时还能够优化我国居民的投资模式;与此同时,也会使投资者承担不同程度的风险,收益越高承担的风险自然也会更大,对投资者来说最重要的便是规避风险、获得最大收益。本文就金融投资收益与风险之间固有的矛盾,从而提出规避风险、获取收益的相关措施。     

存在风险条件下的资本市场投资预期收益模型研究

风险是指预期收益的不确定性,是指在将来一段时间内遭受损失的可能性.进行资本市场投资,必然存在风险.资本市场投资风险就是投资预期结果(预期收益损失)的不确定性,有投资风险,就会有投资者对其进行的预期.本文建立了存在风险条件下的资本市场投资预期收益模型,并由此得出了不同投资者的预期收益--风险偏好的不同投资选择.     

商业银行利率风险的度量——基于Fisher-Weil久期模型的实证分析

本文从利率市场化的背景入手,首先利用我国国债市场的数据,对利率期限结构进行了研究,然后构建出基于Fisher-Weil久期的利率风险度量模型。最后,以招商银行的年报数据,对模型进行实例检验,验证了模型的可行性和有效性。     

商业银行利率风险的度量——基于Fisher-Weil久期模型的实证分析

本文从利率市场化的背景入手,首先利用我国国债市场的数据,对利率期限结构进行了研究,然后构建出基于Fisher-Weil久期的利率风险度量模型。最后,以招商银行的年报数据,对模型进行实例检验,验证了模型的可行性和有效性。     

固定资产投资企业融资风险研究

近年来,受国际金融危机的冲击,我国外部需求大幅萎缩,政府出台了一系列扩大内需的措施,确保经济稳定增长,尤其是固定资产投资增加显著,融资金额不断增加。在确保固定资产投资正常进行的情况下,融资风险亦不容忽视。文章通过对政策约束,生命周期理论分析,建立模型,确定固定资产投资企业融资结构及风险防范。     

Background Risk in the Principal-Agent Model

We examine the effect of background risk in the standard two-state, two-action principal-agent model. We analyse situations where the background risk is environmental (always present) and where the background risk is contractual (only present if the contract is accepted). With contractual background risk, expected wages always rise and the incentive scheme is flatter if the agent's preferences satisfy weak decreasing absolute risk aversion. With environmental background risk, the optimal incentive scheme becomes flatter if the agent is weakly prudent. We provide conditions under which the environmental background risk decreases the agent's expected wage.     

Background Risk and the Performance of Insurance Markets under Adverse Selection

Background risk can influence the performance of insurance markets that must deal with adverse selection when applicants are risk vulnerable, since they are more averse to bearing the insurable risk as a result of their exposures to background risk. We show that background risk always results in a lower deductible for the incentive constrained contract, and that a broader range of markets attains the stable sequential equilibrium cross-subsidized pair of separating contracts. We conclude that background risk always improves the performance of markets for coverage against (insurable) foreground risks that must deal with adverse selection. We also find, however, that these improvements are never sufficient to offset the cost to insureds of bearing the background risk.     

Insurance demand in the presence of loss-dependent background risk

We analyze insurance demand when insurable losses come with an uninsurable zero-mean background risk that increases in the loss size. If the individual is risk vulnerable, loss-dependent background risk triggers a precautionary insurance motive and increases optimal insurance demand. Prudence alone is sufficient for insurance demand to increase in two cases: the case of fair insurance and the case where the smallest possible loss exceeds a certain threshold value (referred to as the large loss case). We derive conditions under which insurance demand increases or decreases in initial wealth. In the large loss case, prudence determines whether changes in the background risk lead to more insurance demand. We generalize this result to arbitrary loss distributions and find conditions based on decreasing third-degree Ross risk aversion, Arrow–Pratt risk aversion, and Arrow–Pratt temperance.     

Changes in Background Risk and the Demand for Insurance

The demand for insurance against loss from a particular risky asset is likely to depend on other risks the decision-maker faces. For independently distributed other risks, referred to as background risk, Eeckhoudt and Kimball [1992] determine the effect on insurance demand of introducing background risk. Recently, Eeckhoudt, Gollier, and Schlesinger [1996] determine conditions on preferences such that first- and second-degree stochastic deteriorations in background risk lead to a decrease in the decision-maker's willingness to accept other risks. These results, although formulated in a general decision model, also apply to insurance demand. This article continues analysis of this question by determining the effect on insurance demand of several other general changes in background risk.     

An analysis of portfolio selection with background risk

This paper investigates the impact of background risk on an investor’s portfolio choice in a mean–variance framework, and analyzes the properties of efficient portfolios as well as the investor’s hedging behaviour in the presence of background risk. Our model implies that the efficient portfolio with background risk can be separated into two independent components: the traditional mean–variance efficient portfolio, and a self-financing component constructed to hedge against background risk. Our analysis also shows that the presence of background risk shifts the efficient frontier of financial assets to the right with no changes in its shape. Moreover, both the composition of the hedge portfolio and the location of the efficient frontier are greatly affected by a number of background risk factors, including the proportion of background assets in total wealth and the correlation between background risk and financial risk.     

Precautionary Insurance Demand With State-Dependent Background Risk

This article considers a zero‐mean background risk that is uncorrelated with insurable losses, but is not necessarily statistically independent. In particular, the size of the background risk can vary in different insurable‐loss states. We show how a prudent individual will buy either more insurance or less insurance than with no background risk, depending on the relative size of the background risk in the loss states vis‐á‐vis the no‐loss states. If we consider two individuals, with one more risk averse than the other, we need to compare the intensities of their precautionary motives, in addition to their measures of risk aversion, before we can determine who buys more insurance coverage in the presence of the state dependent background risk.     

On the properties of high-order non-monetary measures for risks

This paper investigates how welfare losses for facing high-order risk increases change when the risk environment of the decision maker is altered. To that aim, we define the nth-order utility premium as a measure of pain associated with facing the passage of one risk to a more severe one and we examine some of its properties. Changes in risk are expressed through the concept of stochastic dominance of order n. The paper investigates more particularly welfare changes of merging increases in risk, first ignoring background risks, then taking them into account. Merging increases in risk may be beneficial or not, depending on whether background risks are considered and how. The paper also provides conditions on individual preferences for superadditivity of the nth-order utility premium. The results confirm the importance and usefulness of two analytical concepts: mixed risk aversion and risk apportionment.     

Aggregate idiosyncratic volatility,dynamic aspects of loss aversion,and narrow framing

We consider the economy in which an agent faces, in addition to market risk, an additive independent background risk in consumption. In contrast to the Lucas (Econometrica 46:1429–1445, 1978) complete consumption insurance model, under plausible assumptions about the unconditional mean and variance of the agent’s subjective distribution of background risk the model with the additive independent background risk fits the historical average excess return on the US stock market with the coefficient of relative risk aversion (RRA) below five for the subsets of households designated as assetholders. The greater the size and/or the lower the expected value of background risk, the lower (compared to the Lucas (Econometrica 46:1429–1445, 1978) model) the value of the RRA coefficient needed for the model with background risk to match the historical average equity premium. Allowing for an extremely unlike large decrease in the agent’s consumption considerably decreases the required coefficient of RRA. It is concluded that the presence of the additive independent background risk in the consumption of assetholders can account for nearly 60 % of the historical average equity premium, hence rationalizing the equity premium puzzle of Mehra and Prescott (J Monet Econ 15:145–162, 1985). With RRA below five, the model with background risk is consistent with the historical average real interest rate if the agent has the subjective time discount factor lower than, but close to, 1. The findings are robust to the assumed type of background risk, the proxy for the market portfolio, and the threshold value in the definition of assetholders.     

Locally Greater Vulnerability to Background Risk

Willingness to take on risk is influenced by the presence of fair and unfair background risks for decision makers who are risk vulnerable as defined by Gollier and Pratt [1996], for these decision makers are more risk averse when they possess such an uninsurable background risk. We present an alternative derivation of the index of local vulnerability based on Diamond and Stiglitz [1974] compensated increases in risk, such that risk aversion increases with the introduction of any small fair background risk if and only if the index of local vulnerability is positive. We establish that the increase in risk aversion is greater for those who are more vulnerable as measured by the index of local vulnerability.     

信用集中风险研究新进展

历史经验显示,信用集中风险是造成银行危机的一个主要原因,因此,在目前我国信贷快速膨胀、信用集中风险显著加剧的背景下,急需加强对我国商业银行信用集中风险的研究.然而,目前国内研究仍停留于定性分析阶段.鉴于此,本文从信用集中风险的监管要求,信用集中风险测量的理论分析和实证研究三方面对国外信用集中风险及经济资本测度模型的研究进行了述评,以期为提高我国商业银行信用集中风险的测量水平,构建与BasPl Ⅱ一致条件下的经济资本测度模型,从而为提高我国商业银行的信用风险管理能力提供一定的参考.