生产企业进料加工与来料加工复出口(免)退增值税的比较

生产企业发生进口料件加工复出口货物业务,一般会选择进料加工与来料加工两种贸易方式。在税收上,进料加工方式下,除对签有进口料件和出口成品对口合同的进料加工业务外,一般进料加工复出口业务其进口料件根据规定按85%、95%比例免征关税、增值税等,加工出口后按“免、抵、退”税的规定办理(免)退税。来料加工方式下,海关对企业进口的原材料或零部件等予以保税,加工产品出口时,海关对出口货物及企业收取的工缴费收入免征出口环节的关税、增值税等,但出口货物所耗用国内辅件所支付的进项税额不得抵扣或不予退税。由于我国目前是一种不完全的退税制度,除船舶、汽车、数控机床、印刷电路、铁道机车等极少数产品出口实行增值税零税率(退税率为17%)外,其他产品的退税率都小于征税率,企业对不能抵扣的进项税额需要计入出口产品的加工成本。因此,进料加工与来料加工的税收成本就可能不同。     

生产企业进糊口工与来糊口工复出口（免）退增值税的比较

生产企业发生进口料件加工复出口货物业务，一般会选择进料加工与来料加工两种贸易方式。在税收上，进料加工方式下，除对签有进口料件和出口成品对口合同的进料加工业务外，一般进料加工复出口业务其进口料件根据规定按85％、95％比例免征关税、增值税等，加工出口后按“免、抵、退”税的规定办理（免）退税。来     

贸易自由化与中国企业进口中间品质量升级

进口高质量中间品是发展中国家实现技术追赶的重要途径;贸易自由化会降低进口高质量中间产品的贸易成本和相对价格,促进企业进口中间品质量升级。基于此,本文利用细分关税数据、海关数据和工业企业数据,将加工贸易作为控制组、一般贸易作为处理组,采用倍差法经验分析贸易自由化对中国企业进口中间品质量的影响。结论发现：伴随关税下降,中国企业进口中间品质量整体增长,且一般贸易组增长速度远快于加工贸易组。同加工贸易相比,关税下降1%一般贸易进口中间品质量增长高出0.06%~3.74%。这一作用在持续进口企业中,在基础设施完善、市场化水平高、经济集聚程度高的地区更明显。上述结论通过了同趋势假设、内生性等一系列稳健性检验。     

加工贸易进料与来料加工两种方式孰优

一、进料加工与来料加工的税收规定进料加工是出口企业用外汇从国外进口原材料、元器件、配套件和包装材料,经生产加工后复出口的一种贸易方式;而来料加工时由外商提供一定的原材料、半成品、零部件、元器件及技术设备,出口企业根据外商的要求进行加工装配,将成品出口并收取加工费的一种贸易方式。根据有关税收规定,进料加工自营或委托代理出口的货物生产企业增值税执行"免、抵、退"税办法,即     

进口中间品与中国企业生存扩延

研究目标：探究中间品进口对企业生存时间的影响及其作用机制。研究方法：基于中国工业企业和海关贸易的综合数据，通过倾向得分匹配方法（PSM）降低样本选择性偏误，采用生存分析模型进行研究。研究发现：进口中间品对延长企业生存时间具有显著促进作用；这种促进作用对混合加工贸易的提升效果尤其明显。同时随着使用强度的增加，进口中间品对企业风险的降低作用增强；中间品的技术水平越高，对企业生存概率的改善作用越大；但这些作用的发挥需要满足一定的时间门槛。研究创新：与先前文献侧重强调出口的巨大作用不同，本文研究并论证了进口的积极作用，发现了进口中间品对企业生存的重要意义。研究价值：本文的这一研究为延长企业生存时间、提升企业竞争力找到了新途径，也为相关贸易政策的制定提供了新视角。     

增值税出口退税税务筹划

正一、来料加工与进料加工货物出口退税比较与选择来料加工业务,既不征税,也不退税。进料加工贸易,海关对进口材料全额货按比例免征,货物出口免征消费税,并按"免、抵、退"办法计算出口货物应退增值税。基于出口货物退税的考虑,企业是选择来料加工贸易方式还是选择进料加工出贸易方式,主要考虑两个方面因素:一是不同加工贸易方式是否可以转换。二是出口退     

多维进口与中国地区经济增长

本文利用CEPII BACI世界贸易数据库和中国海关贸易数据库等多个数据库的匹配数据，基于省级面板数据，从进口规模、进口技术含量、进口结构等多维进口视角，综合考察2000—2015年进口贸易对中国经济增长的影响。研究结果表明：（1）进口规模增加、技术类商品整体进口技术含量的增加、进口商品种类的增加都显著促进了经济增长，但是进口市场集中度的提高显著抑制了经济增长。经过内生性处理和稳健性检验，这些结论都是稳健的。（2）进一步研究发现，中高技术与高技术类型商品进口技术含量的增加显著促进了经济增长，一般贸易进口增加对经济增长的促进作用大于加工贸易，中间品进口的增加会显著促进经济增长，消费品与资本品进口的增加对经济增长没有显著影响，来自高收入水平国家进口规模的增加会显著促进经济增长。因此，在积极主动扩大进口的背景下，政府要注重扩大中高技术与高技术类型商品的进口，增加高质量中间品新品种的进口，实施进口市场多元化战略，从而让进口更好地服务于国内实体经济的发展和国家重大战略。     

新闻点击

36种出口商品2004年需过预审关据悉,空调、轴承、毛巾、烤鳗等36种出口商品从今年1月起试行预核签章管理制度。根据国家商务部和海关总署的有关规定,对列入《出口预核签章商品目录》的出口商品,以一般贸易、来料加工装配贸易、进料加工贸易和出料加工贸易方式出口的,出口企业到     

金融发展、中间品进口与技术创新——基于江苏省的实证分析

采用江苏省13个地级市2000—2014年的面板数据,将金融发展纳入CH模型并建立门槛模型,从金融发展的视角实证分析中间品进口和技术创新的关系。研究发现：江苏省中间品进口显著地存在基于金融发展规模的“双门槛效应”和基于金融发展效率的“单门槛效应”;金融发展规模和中间品进口的协同对技术创新的边际促进作用先上升后下降,而金融发展效率和中间品进口的协同对技术创新的促进作用呈递增趋势。结果表明金融发展和中间品进口的协同对江苏省的技术创新有不同程度的促进作用,同时技术创新能力的提高也要依靠R&D投入、人力资本和FDI的国际技术溢出等手段。     

国内大市场优势与制造业出口产品质量升级

党的二十大报告指出,要“增强国内大循环内生动力和可靠性,提升国际循环质量和水平”,这表明中国的企业应在国内大循环为主体的新发展格局中探寻高质量开放之路。利用改进的城市层面市场潜力指标反映国内市场优势,基于2003—2013年中国工业企业数据、中国海关进出口贸易数据和城市面板数据的匹配数据,探讨了国内大市场对制造业出口产品质量升级的影响。研究发现,国内市场扩张对中国制造业出口产品质量升级具有显著的促进作用,而国际市场则对中国制造业出口产品质量产生了抑制作用。该结论通过了一系列的稳健性检验。进一步分析发现,国内大市场能够通过降低企业平均成本、增加企业可获得的中间品种类和提升企业全要素生产率来提高企业出口产品质量;考虑国内与国际市场的交互效应后,国内市场与国际市场能够协同推动企业出口质量升级。研究结论对中国“双循环”新发展格局,充分发挥国内大市场优势、提升制造业出口产品质量、推进制造业高质量发展具有重要的现实意义。     

Development in Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Statistics at the Australian Bureau of Statistics

This paper outlines the ICT statistical developments that the ABS has undertaken over recent years. These developments have been on both the supply side (ICT industry) and the demand side (use of IT by sector). The content of ABS ICT surveys has changed significantly over the last few years and are expected to develop further in line with industry changes and emerging policy needs.
Recent developments in household collections have been the inclusion of IT use questions in the 2001 Census of Population and Housing and in various ABS social surveys such as Children's Participation in Culture and Leisure Activities. Annual business IT use surveys are now conducted and include topics such as Internet commerce and IT security. Biennial ICT industry surveys are conducted to provide data on ICT production, imports and exports, ICT industry employment, performance and structure information. An Internet activity survey is run every six months and provides regional Internet access details and infrastructure details on Internet service providers.
A major development for 2002–03 will be the compilation of an ICT satellite account. ABS intends to produce an ICT Information Development Plan to guide its future statistical development work in the ICT field.     

Incumplimiento del salario mínimo en Europa central y oriental

En este estudio se analiza el incumplimiento del salario mínimo durante el periodo 2003–2012 en diez países de Europa central y oriental con salario mínimo obligatorio nacional. A partir de los datos de EU‐SILC y la metodología propuesta por Bhorat, Kanbur y Mayet (2013), se cuantifica la incidencia y magnitud del incumplimiento. Se realizan análisis de regresión sobre determinantes individuales, laborales y macroeconómicos. Aunque la incidencia permanece relativamente baja, los trabajadores a los que se dirigen las políticas de salario mínimo parecen los más expuestos a su incumplimiento. Con el tiempo, una mayor incidencia se asocia a una razón más alta entre salario mínimo y salario medio.     

Value at Risk in the Suburbs: Eminent Domain and the Geographical Politics of the US Foreclosure Crisis

Several US counties and local governments have recently considered a novel solution to the foreclosure crisis. They plan to use eminent domain to compel the owners of mortgage debt—and specifically of private‐label mortgage‐backed securities—to sell the debt to the government at a price reflecting the loan's market value. The government would then restructure the debt and resell it to new investors. The plans are striking because—in contrast to both development‐driven eminent domain and the federal subprime bank bailout—they would force investors to assume asset devaluation and increased long‐term risk. Notably, the plans have emerged as an instance of financialization‐focused politics in suburbs and suburban cities of color, specifically majority‐black and ‐Latino/a suburbs. Local support for the plans, we argue, is rooted in the long‐term disinvestment of these ‘suburbs of exception', which became targets of subprime lending and eventually sites where the ‘financial exception' has been localized. But these demographic shifts, fragmentation and fiscal pressures have at the same time created a suburban political terrain in which the plans have gained their strongest political support.     

Towards a Theory of Serendipity: A Systematic Review and Conceptualization

Serendipity – the notion of making surprising and valuable discoveries – plays a major role in the success of individuals and organizations alike. Previous research has established the importance of serendipity and identified important individual- and organizational-level antecedents. However, the literature has been dispersed and the boundaries of the concept have been blurry, leading to a lack of conceptual clarity and structure, and thus limiting validity and managerial actionability. Based on a systematic literature review, I synthesize existing management-related research on serendipity and explicate the emergence and composition of serendipity in the organizational context. I first identify three necessary conditions that differentiate serendipity from related concepts such as luck or targeted innovation: agency, surprise, and value. Then, I draw from the literature on sensemaking, event-based theorizing, and quantum-based approaches to management to conceptualize the process of cultivating serendipity in the organizational context as a process of enabling potentiality and materialization, and develop a multi-level theory of (cultivating) serendipity. This conceptualization contributes to our collective understanding of how, why, and when (i.e., under what conditions) organizations can leverage the value in the unexpected, which opens up fruitful avenues for further research.     

Accountability of NGOs in Bangladesh A critical overview

NGOs in Bangladesh have been recognized as effective change agents in the socio-economic arena throughout the world. Their contributions in micro credit, non-formal education and primary health care are widely known. NGOs play a significant role in society. NGO accountability, as a result, has become a critical issue. NGO accountability in Bangladesh has been examined here in relation to patrons, clients and themselves. Of the three relationships only accountability to patrons is in a near satisfactory state. Accountability to clients is handicapped by lack of opportunities of beneficiaries to participate meaningfully in NGO policy making. Accountability to themselves is adversely affected due to the adherence to a strictly hierarchical system and the influence of founding and charismatic NGO leaders.     

Towards an Asian model of human resource management? A comparative analysis of China,Japan and South Korea

There has been much discussion regarding the possible decline and weakening of national systems of human resource management (HRM). Yet, culture and institutions are often cited as the major stumbling blocks to this outcome. Such constraints may dissipate in the analysis, particularly if ‘regional clusters’ are considered where geographic and cultural closeness and ‘openness’ to similar economic pressures exist. In such cases, it might be postulated that convergence in HRM will occur. We argue that China, Japan and South Korea represent such a cluster. This article examines these countries, to see if a degree of convergence is taking place and if it is towards an identifiable ‘Asian’ model of HRM. A model of change is presented that distinguishes between levels of occurrence and acceptance. Details of the development and practice of HRM in each country are then set out. The article ends with a discussion and implications section and a brief conclusion.     

Ansätze und Ergebnisse anglo-amerikanischer M&A-Forschung

Based on a review of established U.S. management journals (1995–2003), six schools of thought are identified within the Anglo-American M&;A research: “Capital Market”, “Principal/Agent”, “Industrial Organization”, “Organizational Behavior”, “Human Resources” and “Strategic Management”. The literature review shows that the definition of M&;A success, the methods applied, and insights from empirical research differ according to the respective school of thought. Empirical studies focus on the resource combinations of merger partners, the specific circumstances of merger negotiations, and on integration management as antecedents of merger performance. Unfortunately, empirical findings have not yet provided reliable explanations for M&;A success. Based on the current state of Anglo-American M&;A research, the authors discuss implications for business practice, identify research gaps, and propose areas for future research.     

Cultural Economy Planning in Creative Cities: Discourse and Practice

While a growing body of research analyses the functional mechanisms of the cultural or creative economy, there has been little attention devoted to understanding how local governments translate this work into policy. Moreover, research in this vein focuses predominately on Richard Florida's creative class thesis rather than considering the wider body of work that may influence policy. This article seeks to develop a deeper understanding of how municipalities conceptualize and plan for the cultural economy through the lens of two cities held up as model ‘creative cities’ — Austin, Texas and Toronto, Ontario. The work pays particular attention to how the cities adopt and adapt leading theories, strategies and discourses of the cultural economy. While policy documents indicate that the cities embrace the creative city model, in practice agencies tend to adapt conventional economic development strategies for cultural economy activity and appropriate the language of the creative city for multiple purposes.     

Introduction of New Technology with a Sound Transition of the Input-Output Structure

We examine the general equilibrium repercussions associated with the introduction of new technologies, using the generalized Leontief system that allows technological substitutions. We show that an untested introduction of cost-increasing technologies in any industry may result in creating a non-productive technological structure that does not satisfy the Hawkins-Simon condition, following the autonomous dynamic adjustment process with structural transitions in the economic system. Therefore, we propose a practicable control scheme of introducing cost-increasing technologies that strictly avoids the creation of non-productive structures in all periods of structural transition, using the available information on the ex ante technological structure.     

Input/output ranges and performance: an examination of US machine tool producers

Despite the establishment of high-tech multinational enterprises (MNEs) in Ireland since the late 1950s, the country did not succeed in closing the technological gap with most of its EU counterparts. The weak National System of Innovation (NSI), and in particular low business and government R&D levels, combined with a lack of research and technology linkages between MNEs and indigenous firms, explain these poor results. However, the Shannon region in the West of the country presents some specific institutional characteristics that could theoretically make the region a strong technological enclave. The various actors in the region - i.e. the administrative, financial, political and research institutions, as well as the business organizations - have indeed infused a new type of economic development. After a brief review of the available concepts and models articulated around these actors and their interrelationships, the paper analyses whether the Shannon region, taken as an illustrative example, mirrors a specific economic and technological localized setting. The study is based on a survey of indigenous and foreign firms.