产业集聚与区域人力资本集聚

知识经济时代 ,人力资本逐渐取代物质资本 ,成为经济发展的决定性因素。 2 0世纪 80年代以来 ,以罗默、卢卡斯等经济学家为代表的“新经济增长理论”揭示出 ,一国或某一区域经济的发展 ,取决于该国或该区域人力资本存量的多寡 ;特别是对于发展中国家来说 ,发展初期的人力资本存量水平及其变化对经济发展过程具有决定性的影响。因此 ,如何增加人力资本积累 ,提高人力资本存量水平 ,成为理论界和实践中都普遍关心的问题。人力资本是通过人力投资形成的 ,舒尔茨的这一经典论断已为人们所共识。理论界关于人力资本积累的研究框架一般也构筑于这…     

数字贸易重塑产业集聚理论与模式——从地理集聚到线上集聚

新一代信息通信技术的快速发展和广泛应用正促使数字贸易在世界范围内飞速发展,这极大地降低了产品和服务的贸易成本和交易成本,使协同制造和智能制造成为现实,并促使产业线上集聚不断涌现与发展。本文分析了产业线上集聚的集聚机制、集聚效应和集聚模式,研究发现,线上集聚在集聚效应、集聚机制方面与传统地理集聚既一脉相承又创新发展,并在集聚模式上重塑传统地理集聚。线上集聚在产业融合发展、灵活就业、数据生产和提高集聚行业的竞争性等方面有无可比拟的优势,但同时在数据确权与定价、平台垄断、税收征管和信息安全等方面产生了新的问题和挑战。为克服这些问题并迎接挑战,进一步提升我国产业线上集聚的国际竞争力,笔者提出了积极参与和倡导新一轮国际数字经贸规则的制定、加快研究和推进数据要素的确权工作为数据要素的定价和市场化交易奠定基础、针对数字贸易的特点改革与线上集聚相适应的税收征管体系、对线上平台的垄断势力和垄断行为进行合理规制等政策建议。     

产业集聚的集聚动力:一个文献综述

产业集聚的集聚动力包括源动力、外部动力与集聚机制三方面,本文从产业地方化、城市化、中心—外围三个维度对以往文献有关产业集聚的源动力、外部动力、集聚机制进行了梳理。基于集聚经济圈产业集聚的视角,在对以往文献进行理论反思的基础上,本文展望了集聚经济圈产业集聚的源动力、外部动力的进一步研究方向。     

创新集聚效率实证研究

近年来,我国的经济发展取得了举世瞩目的成就,经济发展的一个明显趋势就是创新在经济增长中的作用越来越大.新经济增长理论也已经表明,创新是促进经济增长的重要因素.已有的研究证实创新在地理分布上呈现不均匀状态,表现出空间集聚的趋势.本文利用2000-2010年的省域面板数据,根据区位熵指数衡量创新集聚,使用迭代3SLS方法估计面板数据联立方程,研究基于创新集聚与经济增长之间双向作用关系的创新集聚效率问题.在此基础上,提出创新集聚效率提升的政策.     

产业集聚理论研究综述

产业集聚是一种空间产业组织形式,已成为许多国家和地区经济发展的显著特征。随着这种现象越来越普遍,产业集聚已引起了经济学、经济地理学、管理学、社会学学界众多学者的广泛兴趣并进行了大量研究。本文从产业集聚概念发展,形成机理和竞争优势入手,对从产业集聚形成初期到当前所形成的各种观点进行了简要的综述,并简要评析了国内外产业集聚理论。     

外资与上海产业集聚

对上海产业基地的调研结果表明,外资主要集中在电子及通信设备、汽车、石油化工业,并微观集聚于三大产业基地,集聚路径表现为“政策导向、产业导向和重大外资项目导向”的产业链垂直集聚。同内生性产业集聚相比,上海外资产业集聚定位高端并有利于技术转移与扩散;但是其集聚路径日益“锁定”政策依赖和成本依赖,地方根植性差。     

制造业集聚、金融业集聚对绿色生态效率的影响研究

基于2000—2018年省际层面数据,利用空间杜宾模型实证研究了制造业集聚、金融业集聚对绿色生态效率的影响。结果表明：制造业集聚和金融业集聚均对其所在省份的绿色生态效率产生显著的促进作用;邻近省份的制造业集聚和金融业集聚也会对该省份的绿色生态效率带来显著提升;各地区的绿色生态效率水平还存在显著的滞后效应;通过机制检验发现本省的集聚经济会通过刺激研发投入,从而提高绿色生态效率水平。     

北京中关村高科技园区金融集聚问题研究

科技是第一生产力。中关村高科技园是推动我国科技进步的前沿力量，是高科技产业集聚的典范。企业的发展离不开资金运作，产业集聚的同时也会伴随金融集聚。本文以中关村高科技园区的金融集聚为研究对象，首先分析金融集聚的重要意义，然后从融资渠道和配套机制两方面阐述中关村高科技园金融集聚中存在的问题。最后，提出相应的优化建议。     

产业集聚与城市生态效率动态关系研究

基于2004-2016年285个城市面板数据,运用静态面板、动态面板及面板门槛模型,从整体趋势、时间效应及非线性结构3个方面分析不同产业集聚模式差异与城市生态效率间的动态关系。结果显示,生产性服务业尤其是高端生产性服务的专业化及多样化集聚会在短期抑制生态效率提升,但长期促进作用显著;生产性服务业与制造业协同集聚对生态效率的改进效果相比单一产业集聚更为显著;不同产业集聚模式对生态效率的作用存在门槛效应,两者之间呈现显著倒U型关系,且存在集聚最优值;城市规模对产业集聚与城市生态效率的关系呈负向调节作用。因此,在城市生态经济规划建设中,应加大高端生产性服务业建设投入力度,关注生产性服务业与制造业融合,根据城市基础条件制定相应的产业转移战略,且不可集聚过度,注重发挥产业集聚对城市生态建设的正向促进作用。     

集聚密度、集聚规模与城市生产率——对中国地级及以上城市最优集聚密度的实证研究

城市的集聚密度与集聚规模在概念和测度上是两个相互关联却有差别的变量,本文通过构建一个包含城市规模和城市密度的集聚模型,证明城市人口和空间规模与城市集聚密度对生产率的作用并非同步变化。城市具有倒U型的规模—效率曲线和先正U型变化再倒U型变化的密度—效率曲线,同时两个变量之间存在正向的交互作用。对中国地级及以上城市面板数据的实证估计显示,当前中国所有地级城市的实际密度均远高于预期的密度—效率曲线的正U型阶段门槛密度,因此集聚密度对生产率的影响表现为倒U型关系,倒U型的顶点密度随城市规模增加而上升。由于集聚密度和集聚规模的最优值不同步,因此在推动人口和产业集聚过程中,需分类调整其在城市内部的布局。     

Growth and Agglomeration

This article presents a model in which growth and geographic agglomeration of economic activities are mutually self-reinforcing processes. Economic agglomeration in one region spurs growth because it reduces the cost of innovation in that region through a pecuniary externality due to transaction costs. Growth fosters agglomeration because, as the sector at the origin of innovation expands, new firms tend to locate close to this sector. Agglomeration implies that all innovation and most production activities take place in the core region. However, as new firms are continuously created in the core, some relocate their production to the periphery.     

Agglomeration and fair wages

Abstract.  This paper implements a fair wage constraint into an analytically tractable core-periphery agglomeration model. This enables us to study the role of imperfect labour markets for the pattern of agglomeration. In the short run, a marginal increase in fair wage preferences leads to an unambiguous compression of the national factor price differential between skilled and unskilled labour, involving an increase in the unemployment rate of unskilled workers. In the long run, this mechanism renders full dispersion of an unstable equilibrium already at higher trade costs than in perfect labour markets. There is a tendency for fair wage preferences to enforce agglomeration.     

Agglomeration and Firm Export

Using Chinese manufacturing data between 1998 and 2007, this paper investigates the impact of agglomeration on firm’s export behavior. It is found that the agglomeration of manufacturing industries in China over this period increases firm’s export probability as well as its export volume, and the impact is larger for more efficient firms. However, the impact on firm’s export volume depends on the degree of agglomeration. When the degree of agglomeration is low, an increase in agglomeration would expand firm’s export volume but the impact will be diminishing and even turns negative if the degree of agglomeration is already very high.     

Agglomeration and tax competition

Tax competition may be different in ‘new economic geography settings’ compared to standard tax competition models. If the mobile factor is completely agglomerated in one region, it earns an agglomeration rent which can be taxed. Closer integration first results in a ‘race to the top’ in taxes before leading to a ‘race to the bottom’. We reexamine these issues in a model that produces stable equilibria with partial agglomeration in addition to the core-periphery equilibria. A bell-shaped tax differential also arises in our model. Therefore, the ‘race to the top’ result generalises to a framework with partial agglomeration.     

On Mergers and Agglomeration

We formulate a model of mergers and acquisitions assuming a monopolistic competitive industry that exhibits agglomeration economies. We provide the conditions for the existence of a non‐trivial Nash equilibrium in the acquisition market at which the most productive firm acquires a range of less‐productive firms. Most importantly, we show that domestic merger and acquisition activities are international trade promotionary. We also show that such types of mergers and acquisition will improve the competitive position of foreign firms leading to an increase in their market share. In addition, domestic mergers and acquisitions will increase the number of imported varieties.     

Agglomeration effects in Europe

The paper estimates agglomeration effects for France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the UK. Estimation takes into account endogeneity of the spatial distribution of employment and spatial fixed effects. Empirical results suggest that agglomeration effects in these European countries are only slightly smaller than agglomeration effects in the US: the estimated elasticity of (average) labor productivity with respect to employment density is 4.5 percent compared to 5 percent in the US.     

Agglomeration in a vertically-related oligopoly

This paper examines the location of three vertically-linked firms. In a spatial economy composed of two regions, a monopolist firm supplies an input to two consumer goods firms that compete in quantities. It is concluded that agglomeration is more likely to occur when the ratio between the transport cost of the intermediate good and the transport cost of the final good is higher. If this proportion is low, the likelihood of an agglomeration decreases with transport costs. If the ratio has an intermediate value, a non-monotonic pattern is obtained that is different from Krugman and Venables (1995).Received: October 2004, Accepted: March 2005, JEL Classification: C68, F12, F15, R12, R13This paper had the support of the Research Unit on Complexity in Economics (UECE). The author wishes to thank Masahisa Fujita, Armando Pires and an anonymous referee for helpful comments. The usual disclaimer applies.     

Interregional Fertility Differentials and Agglomeration

In this study, we construct an interregional trade model that includes endogenous fertility rates. The presented model shows that the agglomeration of manufacturing firms in a large region causes fertility rates to become lower than in a small region. We also find that a decrease in transportation costs results in the agglomeration of manufacturing firms, which lowers fertility rates in both large and small regions. In addition, comparing the competitive equilibrium with the optimal equilibrium, the fertility rates may be inefficiently small.