如何实现经济增长的效率和公平双目标?——基于联立方程模型的研究

如何在保持经济快速增长的同时使收入差距得以缩小,实现效率与公平的双目标,是当前我国经济发展中急需解决的重要问题。文章在分析我国经济增长和收入差距关系内在机制的基础上,建立了一个同时考察经济增长和收入差距影响因素的联立方程模型。省级面板数据的估计结果表明,教育和非国有化既能促进经济增长,也有利于收入差距的缩小,并且该结果对于模型的不同设定具有稳健性。因此,增加教育投资,提高人力资本的存量水平,进一步促进非国有经济的发展,是实现我国经济发展的效率和公平双目标的有效途径。     

城镇化、城乡收入差距与经济增长——基于河北省时间序列数据的实证研究

基于1978—2012年间河北省时间序列数据,采用协整分析方法对城镇化、城乡收入差距与经济增长之间的关系进行实证分析。研究发现,在1978—2012年间河北省城乡收入差距具有明显的阶段波动性,且呈扩大的趋势,河北省的城镇化水平、经济增长与城乡收入差距之间存在长期稳定的协整关系。具体来看,城镇化对城乡收入差距的影响显著,两者呈正效应关系,同时随着经济的增长加大了城乡收入差距。因此,如何协调城镇化发展对缩小河北省城乡收入差距具有重要意义。未来城镇化发展中应更多地关注农民利益,推进二元经济结构转换,因地制宜地解决收入分配问题,提高区域开放程度同时积极引进外商投资,有利于从根本上缩小城乡收入差距。     

FDI对我国城乡收入差距的影响分析

随着我国对外开放的进一步深入,我国与外部经济之间的联系越来越紧密,外商直接投资(FDI)也因此呈现快速增长的态势,但是其环比增速逐步放缓.在我国经济总值不断增长的情况下,我国城市居民和农村居民的可支配收入都有明显的提高,但是其增幅却明显不同,现在我国城乡居民收入差距不断扩大.从外商直接投资(FDI)的角度来看,它对我国城乡居民收入差距的影响主要为:一是刺激经济增长导致城乡收入差距扩大;二是对城乡不同行业的收入影响不一致;三是对沿海城镇居民收入影响大于对农村居民收入影响.     

财政分权、城乡收入差距与经济增长

利用1994年分税制后的经验数据,本文估计了一个包含增长方程、城乡收入差距方程和财政支出方程的联立方程模型,来估算财政分权对经济增长和城乡收入差距的影响。研究结果表明,财政分权使地方政府的财政支出显著增加,但财政支出的增加并不必然有利于经济增长和拉大城乡收入差距。如果在地方财政支出水平上升的同时,使科学教育和农业支出,特别是科学教育支出在总支出中的比重得以增加,将有可能在保持经济高增长的同时,使城乡收入差距得以缩小。     

教育体系、收入分布与经济增长

本文使用一个包含物质资本与人力资本积累的世代交叠模型,研究不同的教育体系对经济增长的影响.我们发现,在公立教育体系下,最优的教育投资水平高于私立教育体系,收入差异也将会比在私立教育体系下下降得更快.因此,与私立教育体系相比,公立教育体系更有利于人力资本积累,在公立教育体系下一个国家将会有更高的经济增长率与更为平等的收入分布.     

收入差距、投资与经济增长的面板协整研究

运用最近发展起来的面板协整技术,本文分析了中国的收入差距、投资与经济增长之间的关系。1978-2004年省际面板数据的研究结果表明,中国的城乡收入比、固定资产投资、人均实际GDP是包含单位根的非平稳变量,它们之间存在稳定的协整关系。从长期看,收入差距的拉大对经济增长有害,但投资并非是收入差距作用于经济增长的桥梁。因此,要保持经济的持续增长,必须着力解决日益恶化的收入差距问题。     

实际汇率、进出口贸易和我国城乡收入差距——基于结构VAR模型的动态分析

城乡收入差距的持续扩大是我国经济社会发展面临的一个突出问题。除了对它作价值判断外,更重要的是要搞清楚城乡收入差距持续扩大的原因。在结构VAR模型基础上,讨论实际汇率、贸易开放对城乡收入差距潜在的动态影响。研究发现:①实际汇率升值和贸易自由化都会扩大城乡收入差距。②实际汇率冲击能解释50%左右的贸易开放度波动,累积负效应在长期内才能转化成正效应。③贸易开放度冲击对收入差距的影响呈W型,累积影响是持续加剧了城乡收入差距。④实际汇率对收入差距的影响呈M型。尽管实际汇率冲击在一年之后只能解释8%左右的收入差距波动,但累积传递率从第7个季度开始不断上升。     

居民负债增长、金融风险与高杠杆率下的负债结构调整

本文将居民负债引入一般均衡模型,通过刻画居民、企业、银行的杠杆率约束,深入探讨居民负债变化的根源,研究居民负债对经济增长的影响,以及债务刺激经济增长背后蕴藏的金融风险.研究发现:(1)现阶段中国居民负债适度增长能够促进需求增长,减小金融摩擦,有利于经济增长;(2)部分企业背负了过高的债务,长期来看,企业负债降低有利于经济增长,但直接推动企业去杠杆将在短期内带来较强的负面经济波动,为保证经济平稳运行,应将适度提高居民负债以挤出企业负债作为负债结构调整的策略;(3)居民负债增长所带来的边际金融风险较小,适度提高居民负债能促进经济增长且不会使经济累积较多内生脆弱性.同时,为进一步减小居民负债增长带来的金融风险,应以提高居民信贷参与率为主要方法.     

收入不平等对经济增长影响的实证研究

采用联立方程分析方法,实证分析了收入不平等对经济增长影响的三种机制,探讨了收入不平等如何通过影响物质资本投资、人力资本投资和居民消费来作用于经济增长。结果表明,从长期看收入不平等的扩大会刺激物质资本投资,但不利于人力资本投资和居民消费增长,收入不平等对经济增长的长期影响为负。因此,从经济发展的角度政府不应容忍收入不平等的过分扩大。     

经济增长、腐败与收入不平等

本文利用我国1978²012年的时间序列数据,研究了经济增长和腐败对收入不平等的影响。研究发现,腐败扩大了居民收入差距,而经济增长则有利于缩小收入分配差距。因此,通过预防和惩治腐败,减少行政权力对经济和社会资源的垄断,降低行政权力对市场的干预力度,稳步推进政治体制改革,加强对行政权力的民主监督;同时,继续深化市场化改革,加快经济发展,提高居民收入占国民收入的比重,是缩小收入分配差距的关键。     

出口贸易、教育投入与经济增长:理论模型与经验证据

笔者借鉴获得性技能模型思想,研究教育投入通过影响外贸发展间接影响经济增长的路径,并重点考察两者对经济增长的联合影响机制.利用2004年～2009年31个省市数据进行实证分析,结果表明:教育投入对经济增长的边际影响为负且教育行业投入与出口贸易对经济增长的联合影响正向显著.可见教育投入对经济增长的直接促进作用,远远小于其通过促进外贸发展间接促进经济增长的作用.     

Income inequality, consumption, and social-status seeking

Using the Chinese Urban Household Survey data between 1997 and 2006, we find that income inequality has a negative (positive) effect on household consumption net of education expenditures (savings) even after we control for household income. We argue that people save to improve their social status when social status is associated with pecuniary and non-pecuniary benefits. Rising income inequality can strengthen the incentives of status-seeking savings by increasing the benefit of improving status, and by enlarging the wealth level required for status upgrading. We also find that the negative effect of income inequality on consumption is stronger for poorer and younger people and that income inequality stimulates more education investment, which are consistent with the status-seeking hypothesis.     

Income Distribution, Redistributive Politics, and Economic Growth

This article studies the political economy of inequality and growth by combining the political economy approach with an imperfect capital market assumption. In the present model, there emerges a class of individuals whose members do not invest privately beyond the state-financed schooling, due to their initial wealth constraint. We show that inequality affects private investment not only through the political effect, which relates inequality to private investment negatively, but also through what we call the threshold effect, which associates inequality to private investment positively. In general, private investment and inequality do not show a monotone negative relationship.     

管理层权力、研发决策与企业成长

选取我国民营上市公司作为研究样本,利用连续4年形成的2 476组经营数据,基于管理层权力配置视角对公司研发决策动因和效果进行实证分析,得出如下结论：①管理层权力对公司研发投入具有正向影响;②管理层权力对公司成长性具有正向影响;③研发投入对公司成长性具有正向影响;④研发投入在管理层权力与公司成长性关系中具有部分中介作用。同时,探讨企业运营能力在研发投入与公司成长性关系中的调节作用。结果发现：企业运营能力越强,研发投入对公司成长性的促进作用越大。     

Foreign Direct Investment and Regional Inequality in China

Foreign direct investment (FDI) is blamed for being one of the main factors widening regional inequality in Chinese regions since it is highly unevenly distributed spatially. If this logic were true, then controlling the scale of FDI could be a solution to reduce regional inequality. However, it is difficult to reconcile the positive effect of FDI on economic growth with its potential "negative" effect on regional inequality. Using the largest panel dataset covering all the Chinese regions over the entire period 1979–2003 and employing an augmented Cobb–Douglas production function, this paper proves that FDI has been an important factor responsible for regional growth differences in China. However, it suggests that FDI cannot be blamed for rising regional inequality. It is the uneven distribution of FDI instead of FDI itself that has caused regional growth differences. The research results have important policy implications on regional development in China relating to FDI.     

Public Investment and Economic Growth in Latin America: an Empirical Test

The paper analyzes the impact on economic growth of public investment spending and other relevant variables (such as human capital) for nine major Latin American nations over the 1983–93 period. The results suggest that both public and private investment spending contribute to economic growth. Overall central government consumption expenditures, on the other hand, are found to have a negative effect on private investment and growth. Finally, public expenditures on education and healthcare are found to have a positive and statistically significant effect on private capital formation and long–term economic growth. From a policy standpoint, the results suggest that indiscriminate cuts in public and private investment spending are likely to be counterproductive in the long run, and more importantly, scarce public expenditures should be channeled to the promotion of new human capital (via primary and secondary education) and the maintenance of existing human capital (through healthcare expenditures).     

Federalism,Fertility, and Growth

This paper analyses the effect of federalism on fertility and growth. In a model with human capital accumulation and endogenous fertility, two regimes of education finance are compared: central and local. I find that local education finance yields higher growth at the price of increased inequality. The effect of federalism on total and differential fertility rates depends on the elasticity of substitution between children and consumption. The paper also empirically examines the relationship between fertility rates and fiscal decentralisation on a panel of OECD countries and finds a weak negative effect of decentralisation on total and differential (poor minus rich) fertility.     

Growth, income distribution, and fiscal policy volatility

The relationship between income distribution and economic growth has long been an important economic research subject. Despite substantial evidence on the negative impact on long-term growth of inequality in the literature, however, there is not much consensus on the specific channels through which inequality affects growth. The empirical validity of two most prominent political economy channels - redistributive fiscal spending and taxes, and sociopolitical instability - has recently been challenged. We advance a new political economy channel for the negative link between inequality and growth, a fiscal policy volatility channel, and present strong supporting econometric evidence in a large sample of countries over the period of 1960-2000. Our finding also sheds light on another commonly observed negative relation between macroeconomic volatility and growth. We carefully address the robustness of the results in terms of data, estimation methods, outlier problem, and endogeneity problem that often plague the standard OLS (ordinary least squares) regression.     

Foreign direct investment and domestic investment in the host country: evidence from panel study

This article examines the impact of inward Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on host countries’ domestic investment. Utilizing data from 50 countries over the period of 1970 to 2004, we find that inward FDI has a negative contemporaneous effect on domestic investment, while the cumulative effect of FDI over time tends to be positive. In addition, we separately study FDI in Developed Countries (DCs) and Less Developed Countries (LDCs). The effect of contemporaneous FDI on domestic investment is negative in DCs, and the cumulative effect of FDI is neutral. Strong evidence suggests that the contemporaneous effect of FDI on domestic investment is neutral in LDCs, while the cumulative effect of FDI is positive.     

教育、闲暇与经济增长--理论模型与实证研究

本文通过把消费者时间分为工作时间、教育时间、闲暇时间,重点扩展了闲暇时间对人力资本积累作用和技术进步的外部性,将闲暇时间和教育时间同时引入经济增长模型中分析了两种时间对经济增长的影响和最优平衡增长路径.随后进行了实证研究,结果表明:我国教育时间(即人力资本投资)对中国经济增长有很大的拉动作用,同时,积极健康的闲暇活动能够促进经济增长,但是由于我国处于工业化阶段,对闲暇的偏好还很低,总体上闲暇时间对我国经济增长有微弱的抑制作用.因此,合理安排闲暇活动和正规教育活动对我国经济增长有重要意义.