正确认识征、纳税人若干法律关系问题——把保护纳税人的合法权益放在突出地位

征税人，有广义和狭义之分，通常是采用狭义概念，即征税人是指在税收法律关系中行使税收征收权和管理权的国家机关，也是依法进行税收征收行为和税务管理行为的当事人。征税人可以分两大类，一是政府征税机关，二是征税协助人和征税委托人。     

关于市场经济条件下税收筹划的探讨

一、市场经济下的税收筹划应该具备合法性、筹划性和目的性三大特点首先是合法性,表示税收筹划只能是在法律许可的范围内进行,违反法律规定,逃避税收负担,属于偷逃税,显然要坚决加以制止和反对。征纳关系是税收基本关系,法律是处理征纳关系的共同准绳。纳税义务人要依法缴税,负责征税的税务机关也要依法征收,纳税人偷逃税是触犯法律的行为。不过在多种纳税方案可供选择时,纳税人作出选择低税负的决策是无可非议的,征税机关不应当加以反对。用道德的名义劝说纳税人选择高税负显然不符合税收法律的精神,因而不值得提倡。其次是筹划性,表示实现规划、设计、安排的意思。在经济活动中,纳税义务通常具有滞后性。企业交易行为发生后才缴纳增值税或销售税;收益实现或分配之后,才缴纳所得税;财产取得之后,才缴纳财产税。这在客观上提供了对纳税事先作出筹划的可能性。另外,经营、投资和理财活动是多方面的,税收规定也是有针对性的,纳税人和征税对象的性质不同,税收待遇也往往不同,这在另一方面也为纳税人提供了可以选择降低税负的决策的机会。如果经营活动已经发生,应纳税收已经确定而去偷逃税或欠税,都不能认为是税收筹划。第三是目的性,表示纳税人要取得“节税”的税收利益。这有两层...     

远离违反税收征收管理行为的红线

正我国《税收征管法》对各种违反税法的行为所应当承担的法律责任都作出了明确具体的规定,使之成为国家税收法制建设的重要组成部分。任何一个税收法律关系的主体,违反了税收法律法规的规定,都要承担相应的法律责任。在依法治国的新形势下,任何一个组织或单位的负责人,特别是财会人员,都要重视自己应履行的税收法律责任,避免因工作失误造成违法。特别是我们工会及其企事业单位的     

征税行为的属性刍议

国家为什么要征税?国家为什么能够征税?国家又该如何征税?这是税收的基本问题。要回答这些问题有必要弄清征税行为的属性。对征税行为的属性理论界和实务部门有不同的理解。     

征税行为激励的制度分析

征税是一个包括国家、征税人和纳税人在内的动态过程,我国大量税收流失与对征税行为的激励不足有关,本文通过建立模型和对七大变量的讨论,认为未来我国税收征管制度的改革应充分重视对征税行为激励的制度建设。     

浅析税务行政行为的公定力

税务行政行为的公定力是判定征税机关是否违法的一个重要标准,是诚实信用原则在征税机关行政行为上的体现,通过分析税务行政行为的公定力的效力范围,可以为更好的保护纳税人的利益,约束征税机关的行为。     

简论我国网络银行税收法律制度的构建

本文首先介绍了我国网络银行税收法律制度的现状,论证了对网络银行征税的必要性与可行性,然后提出了构建我国网络银行税收制度的设想,包括确立网络银行税收法律制度的基本原则和构建税务管理制度两个方面。     

转轨时期税收征纳行为的博弈模型与对策分析

征税人和纳税人是税收征纳关系中的两个主体,在税收征纳关系中有着各自的立场和利益。税收博弈关系的存在要求在制定税制时不能仅从政府利益的角度出发,还要充分考虑征税人及纳税人各自的利益及其行为选择。必须采取相应的措施对二者进行约束,以减少税收流失,从而保证国家税款的及时、足额入库。     

论税收法律责任

一、税收法律责任的概念与特征 （一）税收法律责任的概念：税收法律责任,是指税法主体因违反税收义务,而由专门的国家机关依法追究或由其主动承担的否定性法律后果。税收法津关系是国家与纳税人之间在税收活动中发生的,由税法确认和调整,靠国家强制力保证实施,以征纳关系为内容的权利义务关系。换言之,国家与纳税人之间的征纳关系是一种特殊的经济关系,这种经济关系-经税法确认,就由经济关系上升为法律关系,征纳关系就要受到税法的制约和调整,从而形成税收法律关系。     

增值税视同销售行为与其他税种的关系

货物销售一般是指货物所有权已经发生转移并能取得经济补偿的经济活动.但在增值税法中,即使货物并没有对外销售或者所有权并没有发生转移,或者货物所有权虽然转移但并未获得经济补偿的有些行为也属于销售行为,要视同销售征税,具体包括8种情形:     

Almanac of anticipations: The age of affluence—of anticipation—of anxiety—of automation—of discontinuity—of longing—of overkill—of space exploration

With this survey of developments in the futures field since 1945, I.F. Clarke completes his present series for Futures. He makes two major points: that forecasting techniques have become essential tools in the management of change; and that nuclear weapons and ecological problems have added a moral dimension to the study of the future. In the next issue of Futures he will start a new series on the range of future-thinking in the USA, from the expectations of the first settlers to the Star Wars programme.     

基金公司经营融资融券业务的问题审视

融资融券业务正式运营已经开展,为证券市场带来了革命性的改革,作为证券市场的一大主体,基金公司面对融资融券也迎来了新的发展方向和挑战,本文从融资融券业务的运行机制入手,分析了基金公司融资融券的新契机,并对其即将面临的问题进行审视和剖析,进而提出策略建议.     

对基层人民银行科技工作的几点建议

银监会分设后,人民银行将专司货币政策、金融稳定、金融服务三大职能。作为人民银行的分支机构,基层人民银行的工作重心也将从金融监管调整到这三大职能上来。人民银行的科技部门,就要积极运用科技手段,为人民银行履行新的职能发挥“服务、支持、促进、发展”的作用。一、围绕三大职能搭建五大平台经过“六五打基础、七五作准备、八五大发展”几个阶段后,人民银行相继实现了核算电算化、清算网络化和办公信息化。特别是近一两年来,陆续开通了大额支付系统、信贷登记咨询系统、会计四集中系统、金融信息服务网站等系统,人民银行信息化水平又…     

社会主义所有制形式的改革、完善与共产党执政能力的提高

在中国,所有制形式的调整、改革与完善,先进生产力的发展,党的执政能力建设,是社会主义建设过程中密切结合在一起的三个不同层面的发展关系.应在相互促进和共同提高中促进社会的和谐发展,保证社会主义现代化建设战略目标的顺利实现.     

The Usefulness of Measures of Consistency of Discretionary Components of Accruals in the Detection of Earnings Management

Abstract:  Prior research has shown the prevalence of measurement error in models used to estimate aggregate discretionary accruals. In these models, the incremental information content of the various components of accruals is ignored. Limited prior research and data gathered from firms under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) litigation indicate that managers use either one or more than one component of accruals simultaneously, in a consistent way to manipulate bottom-line earnings in a given direction. I propose two measures that capture the consistency between the discretionary components of accruals and test their significance in earnings management (EM) detection in firms that have artificially added accrual manipulation and firms that were targeted by the SEC for accrual manipulation. There is evidence that this information is incrementally useful in detecting EM. This finding paves the way for improvements in the discretionary accruals measure by including consistency information from the components of aggregate accruals.     

Properties of time-series estimates of degree of leverage measures

Empirical studies suggest that time-series regression estimates of the degrees of operating and financial leverage have a tendency to produce measures less than one. According to ex ante theory, these measures should be greater than one for firms operating above the breakeven point. There have also been suggestions that the biases in these estimates may be attributable to an underlying increase in unit sales. This work presents evidence that these counter-intuitive measures are produced by changes in the firm's operating parameters (unit price, variable cost, fixed cost and interest payments). It further suggests that attempts to control for the underlying change in unit sales substantially increase the volatility of predicted estimates.     

浅议金融机构的举证责任

金融纠纷案件是当事人以存单或进账单、对账单、存款合同、保险单、票据、证券等凭证为主要证据向人民法院提出诉讼的案件,对于不同种类金融纠纷的当事人的举证责任,我国现行的金融法律、法规及司法解释有不同的规定。由于金融机构的特殊法律地位,发生金融纠纷时存在有关当事人将最后偿付风险转移给金融机构承担的主观故意,在客观上会使金融机构难以提供相应的证据来对抗不法债权人的诉讼请求,而导致金融机构败诉。为此,对金融诉讼案件中金融机构的举证责任加以研究具有重要的实践意义。     

Summary of Results of Survey of Seminar Attendees

Abstract

The Society of Actuaries undertook a three-phase research project on mortality improvement in the three NAFTA countries: Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. Phase 1 consisted of a literature review of papers on projecting mortality levels in the future and a study of the trend in mortality improvement during this century. Phase 2 consisted of a discussion of different facets of modeling mortality rates at a seminar attended by 79 experts (actuaries, demographers, economists, and medical researchers) representing different countries. The last session of the seminar consisted of the completion of a survey by the attendees to obtain input for Phase 3, which would analyze the impact of mortality improvement on the social security system of each country. This paper summarizes the results of the survey.

The survey results illustrate the difficulty in forecasting mortality levels, because the effects of many factors that could have significant impact on mortality rates are unknown. This suggests the need for dynamic forecasting, which allows for the possibility of random shocks. A majority of the survey respondents believe that stochastic forecasting models, despite their complexity, have significant potential to add value. Respondents also believe that both historical data and cause-specific mortality forecasts are useful as input and also in validating forecasts of the aggregate levels of mortality. The challenge is to develop more sophisticated forecasting models to produce results that are relatively easy to interpret and to communicate these results to the desired audiences, including the public and policymakers.

The survey results suggest that the aggregate effect of lifestyle changes, medical advances, diseases, catastrophe, and physical environmental changes is an increase in life span. However, there is much uncertainty about the future. Respondents expect that beyond the year 2020 the mean annual rate of reduction in mortality for males age 65 and over will average about 0.58% for Canada, 0.76% for Mexico, and 0.67% for the U.S. The results for the female age 65 and over population are 0.64%, 0.83%, and 0.70%, respectively. The age 65 and over population is expected to see larger percentage reductions in mortality than the 0–14 and 15–64 populations. The reductions in male and female mortality will be ultimately the same, and the mortality levels in the three countries will ultimately converge, although differences may persist for decades.     

Separation of Unit of Account from Medium of Exchange

The separation of a unit of account (UoA) from a medium of exchange (MoE) in the commodity–money system is investigated by considering explicitly a seller's choice of UoA in terms of either an MoE or a unit of metal weight. If the likelihood of debasement of an MoE and its rate are high enough, the price is posted in terms of a unit of metal weight rather than an MoE. Interestingly, this MoE–UoA separated equilibrium yields the flexible nominal price, whereas an MoE–UoA integrated equilibrium yields the sticky one. This implies the nominal price rigidity in the fiat‐money system where MoE and UoA are integrated.     

银行软件项目外包管理分析

一、引言随着国民经济的不断发展,银行业务与外部企业的联系越来越密切。银行正逐步成为现代经济活动的中心,作为数据处理核心的银行业务应用也越来越大型化、越来越复杂化,因此许多银行也把软件项目逐步由原来的自主开发转变为与公司合作的方式,或直接外包开发的方式,银行本身的技术人员也逐步由开发转向项目管理。二、项目外包的分类银行项目的外包有以下几种情况:①部分子系统外包,有时由于银行的软件项目太大,单靠银行自身的开发力量基本无法在预定的时间内完成项目,只好把相对独立的部分外包;②直接购买软件公司的成熟产品,有些金融软…