对美国20世纪90年代以来经济繁荣与泡沫破裂的反思

本文通过对美国20世纪90年代以来经济的繁荣与泡沫破裂的反思,认为实际经济周期理论的技术冲击引起经济波动,以及熊彼特创新性破坏理论揭示了此轮经济波动的根源,而由信息技术引发的股市泡沫加大了经济波动幅度。政策制定者应了解技术冲击规律,及时遏止股市泡沫的膨胀,将经济波幅减到最小。     

趋势性冲击、政府消费与中国经济周期波动——基于开放经济RBC模型的比较分析

趋势冲击是指对于技术增长率的冲击,即技术增长率服从一个随机过程。趋势冲击在新兴市场国家经济周期波动中起着非常重要的作用,由于中国的经济波动特征更为接近新兴市场,因此趋势冲击可能是驱动中国周期波动的重要因素。本文首先构建了一个包含趋势性冲击和暂时性冲击的开放经济RBC模型,模型较好地拟合了中国的大部分经济波动特征;包含政府消费和趋势性冲击的开放经济模型则出现了过度拟合,拟合结果较差。这可能是因为两种冲击存在"叠加效应"。     

技术冲击和劳动供给对经济波动的影响分析--基于可分劳动RBC模型的实证检验

文章根据国内外经济波动的不同特征,构建了用于研究中国经济波动的可分劳动RBC模型,并对改革开放以来的中国经济进行了实证检验,从供给角度考察技术冲击对中国经济波动的影响,并在RBC模型框架下分析了技术进步对中国劳动市场的影响。研究发现,一是在固定劳动和可分劳动RBC模型中,技术冲击可以解释中国经济波动的主要部分;二是可分劳动RBC模型的实证结果表明,劳动供给变动对经济波动的影响较小,技术进步对改革后的产出、居民消费和就业都产生了正向冲击效应。技术进步对就业增长效应较小,致使我国的劳动需求增长率明显小于劳动供给增长率,劳动市场供需严重不平衡,这也是导致就业波动较为平缓、失业问题日趋严峻的一个重要原因。     

累进性劳动所得税、失业波动与内生稳定器——一个动态新凯恩斯主义的视角

将累进性劳动所得税引入NKMP—DSGE模型中考察失业波动与累进性税收的宏观效应。贝叶斯脉冲响应函数表明,外生冲击对于就业与失业具有不同的冲击效应,因而忽略失业可能引起结论的偏误;失业的贝叶斯冲击分解结果表明,货币政策冲击是推动我国失业波动最重要的力量,并且我国劳动力市场存在显在的“失业回滞”。进一步,通过模型比较发现,累进性劳动所得税具有内生稳定器的作用。在失业问题日益严峻的背景下,采用对劳动力市场做出反应的货币政策机制以降低失业,并使用内生稳定器缓和经济波动,将可能实现降低失业与缓和经济波动的双重效果。     

中国经济波动——基于新凯恩斯主义垄断竞争模型的分析

本文运用新凯恩斯主义垄断竞争模型来研究中国经济波动问题。模型校准的结果表明,就暂时冲击而言,消费偏好冲击、投资边际效率冲击、技术冲击、名义货币供给增长冲击和政府支出冲击都能产生明显的暂时经济波动;就冲击的持久性而言,只有消费偏好冲击和技术冲击的持久性对经济波动变化具有较明显的影响。但技术冲击对产出波动的影响不如RBC类模型那样大,而持久的正向消费偏好冲击对稳定经济增长非常重要。     

我国消费品市场波动与经济波动的实证研究

本文通过对消费品市场波动和经济波动的相关性研究、消费品市场的增长率曲线和经济增长率曲线、消费品市场波动与经济波动的比较分析,得知消费品市场波动和经济波动是互相作用的,并且消费品市场波动对经济波动的影响正越来越强,必须加强对消费品市场的调控。     

技术溢出、自主创新与我国经济波动

笔者从经济增长理论出发,结合RBC理论与国际技术扩散理论,利用我国与主要贸易投资伙伴1990年～2010年的数据,实证分析了技术溢出、自主创新与我国经济波动的关系.研究发现:在不考虑吸收能力时,对我国经济波动影响最大的是FDI渠道的技术溢出,来自FDI的技术冲击能够减轻我国经济的波动;其次是进口渠道的技术溢出,然而通过进口渠道溢出的技术会加速我国经济波动;国内的技术创新对本国经济波动影响最小,而且影响为负.     

房地产价格波动的冲击因素与传导机制分析

一、冲击—传导机制的理论分析 现代经济周期理论对于经济波动的解释均可以概括为冲击—传导学说,即分析引起经济波动的冲击,及经济体在受到冲击后的一系列反应过程及其机制（萨克斯和拉雷恩,1997）。在研究房地产价格波动时同样可以借鉴经济周期理论对波动机制的分析原理和方法,从冲击与传导相结合的角度,探讨房地产价格的波动根源与波动过程。     

消费冲击与中国经济波动

笔者认为:以持久收入消费理论为基础的标准真实经济周期模型,无法解释中国1978年以来消费波动非平滑这一关键特征事实,1978年以来中国经济运行中需求变动影响巨大.笔者重点考察了消费冲击对中国经济波动的影响.研究表明:在技术冲击存在的前提下引入消费冲击可以模拟实际情况.从模拟结果看,中国1978年的经济波动确实是需求冲击(消费偏好改变、政府调控等)和供给冲击(技术不断进步)共同作用的结果.     

消费攀比、劳动调整成本与中国经济波动

引入消费攀比与劳动调整成本两种内生机制于动态随机一般均衡模型,显著改善了模型对于中国经济动态特征的匹配性,它能够增强消费的持久性动态特征,而且准确地复制出了实际经济对中性技术冲击的“驼峰”反应动态以及劳动力市场的反周期动态.进一步,我们定量分析了中国经济波动的来源问题,发现中性技术冲击和投资冲击对中长期波动的显著解释力.     

Animal spirits and optimal monetary policy design in the presence of labour market frictions

Using a New Keynesian DSGE model with labour market frictions, we compare outcomes for backward-looking animal spirits expectations with rational expectations after technology and demand shocks. For optimal monetary policy, major differences arise only for technology shocks, and discretionary policy performs better than commitment policy under animal spirits expectations. If Taylor rule parameters are chosen to best replicate optimal monetary policy outcomes, inflation targeting is only appropriate for technology shocks, particularly for large labour frictions, while targeting only economic activity is appropriate for demand shocks. Fault tolerance analysis shows high costs from failing to identify true animal spirits expectations and technology shocks.     

Financial frictions,interest rate dynamics,and international business cycle synchronization

A two‐country real business cycle model with national endogenous borrowing constraints and working capital requirements can account for the high level of international co‐movements. The effects of technology shocks are transmitted internationally through the dynamics of the interest rate. Specifically, the borrowing mechanism brings about a wedge between the real interest rate and the expected marginal product of capital, such that interest rates fall following positive technology shocks. A lower interest rate induces more investment by Foreign firms, which in turn contribute to greater synchronization of economic activities across countries. Moreover, terms of trade amplify the effects of technology shocks.     

Business cycle in an oligopolistic economy with entry and exit

In this paper we introduce a microfounded macromodel with endogenous market structure, where macroeconomic fluctuations may be determined by firms’ strategic interactions, entry and exit. All the agents have the same preferences but may differ in their budget constraints and change their social status according to idiosyncratic stochastic shocks that trigger entry, while exit is caused by firms’ bankruptcies. Our numerical simulations show that birth and death of firms (associated with entry and exit) can generate macroeconomic fluctuations without technology shocks.     

Endogenous technical progress,R&D periods and durations of business cycles

How do growth and cycles interact? Endogenous growth and business cycle theories are integrated to explain business cycles over different frequencies, especially at lower frequencies, on the balanced growth path. A new variable-R&;D time period-broadens the concept of intertemporal substitution and determines the durations of the medium and long cycles. As a result, the evolution of technology is separated from short-run shocks. A more promising new invention shrinks the R&;D period since waiting is costly, which pushes up the level of economic activity and causes a boom, while a less promising new invention does the opposite. The level of economic activity in turn affects the near-term growth rate. Thus, a recession is not caused by a negative shock as in the standard real business cycle models, but can be associated with a positive, though lower, growth rate of technology. The results capture the major features of U.S. data in both time and frequency domains.     

Labor Market Dynamics and the Business Cycle: Structural Evidence for the United States*

We use a 12‐dimensional VAR to examine the aggregate effects of two structural technology shocks and two policy shocks. For each shock, we examine the dynamic effects on the labor market, the importance of the shock for labor market volatility, and the comovement between labor market variables and other key aggregate variables in response to the shock. We document that labor market indicators display “hump‐shaped” responses to the identified shocks. Technology shocks and monetary policy shocks are important for labor market volatility but the ranking of their importance is sensitive to the VAR specification. The conditional correlations at business cycle frequencies are similar in response to the four shocks, apart from the correlations between hours worked, labor productivity and real wages. To account for the unconditional correlations between these variables, a mixture of shocks is required.     

Oil shocks,US economic uncertainty,and emerging stock markets

This paper investigates the impacts of oil price shocks and US economic uncertainty on emerging equity markets within a structural VAR model. I find that both precautionary oil demand and US economic uncertainty shocks have significant negative effects on emerging stock returns, whereas aggregate demand shocks cause a sustained rise of the returns. In particular, the direct effects of oil shocks on emerging stock returns are amplified by the endogenous response of US economic uncertainty. Variance decomposition analysis shows that oil market fundamentals and US economic uncertainty are an important determinant of emerging equity returns, accounting for 35% and 24% of their long-term variations, respectively. The heterogeneous impacts of structural shocks on individual emerging markets, however, suggest that a well-diversified portfolio can be obtainable.     

Credit growth,monetary policy and economic activity in a three-regime TVAR model

We employ a Threshold Vector Autoregression (TVAR) methodology in order to examine the nonlinear nature of the interactions among credit market conditions, monetary policy and economic activity. We depart from the existing literature on the subject along two dimensions. First, we focus on a model in which the relevant threshold variable describes the state of economic activity rather than credit market conditions. Second, in contrast to the existing TVAR literature, which concentrates exclusively on single-threshold models, we allow for the presence of a second threshold, which is overwhelmingly supported by all relevant statistical tests. Our results indicate that the dynamics of the interactions among credit market conditions, monetary policy and economic activity change considerably as the economy moves from one phase of the business cycle to another and that single-threshold TVAR models are too restrictive to fully capture the nonlinear nature of those interactions. The impact of most shocks tends to be largest during periods of subpar economic activity and smallest during times of moderate economic growth. By contrast, credit risk shocks have the largest impact when output growth is considerably above its long-term trend.     

The French Revolution and the Creation of Benthamism

Abstract

The article investigates Knut Wicksell's interpretation of aggregate economic fluctuations. It is shown that Wicksell described the business cycle as oscillations of an economy with increasing population and scarce natural resources around its steady growth path ('dynamic equilibrium'), provoked by sporadic technological progress. The ‘shocks’ bring about a wave‐like motion because of psychological and technical lags in the economic structure. Wicksell's suggestion that excess net savings in the depression take the form of stocks of commodities is compared to his contemporaries’ answers to the question ‘What happens to savings during the depression?’ The article also puts forward a relatively neglected connection between Malthus’ and Wicksell's notions of over‐production. Divergences between the natural and market rates of interest — essential to his better‐known ‘cumulative process’ ‐ are not a necessary part of Wicksell's business cycle, but they are important to explain why the upper turning‐point can have the nature of a crisis, which results from wrong expectations induced by cumulative price movements.     

A Keynesian Dynamic Stochastic Disequilibrium model for business cycle analysis

A Dynamic Stochastic Disequilibrium model is proposed for business cycle analysis. The core innovation and fundamental deviation from the corresponding full-employment Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium model is the assumption that the nominal wage is a policy variable with no tendency to clear the labor market. As a consequence, disequilibrium unemployment arises which crucially alters the transmission of macroeconomic shocks. Solving the puzzle of low fiscal multipliers in conventional general equilibrium models, the effects of spending shocks become considerably more pronounced in the disequilibrium model because idle labor can be quickly utilized to accommodate aggregate demand without requiring households to increase their supply. In contrast to the standard model, technology and labor supply shocks are partly absorbed by unemployment and, hence, only moderately expansionary. Despite its simplicity and unlike the corresponding general equilibrium model, the disequilibrium model is able to generate shock responses which are broadly in line with empirical evidence.