民国灾荒与战乱期间天津城市的社会救助(1912—1936年)

民国时期,华北地区天灾人祸频发,大批流离失所的难民涌入天津市。天津官方和民间进行了紧急社会救助,对难民的衣食住等进行了安置。本文主要从难民的接收和遣返、窝铺收容所的设置和管理、粥厂的建立和运作、难民子女的教养等方面勾勒出民国前期天津市对难民的社会救助概况。     

国外社会救助的经验和中国社会救助的未来发展

建立和完善社会救助制度,是解决贫困人口生活问题的重要举措,是实现社会团结和公平正义的重要切入点.世界各国在各自的历史发展中形成了各具特色的运行模式和制度安排.本文在研究欧洲部分国家社会救助理论和实践的基础上,结合探究中国社会救助制度建设的历史经验,对中国社会救助的原则、理念和发展模式进行了思考,提出中国社会救助制度模式应当具有公平性、效率性、流动性和发展性等功能特质.     

中西方社会救助制度中政府责任差异的比较分析——基于制度文化的视角

本文从制度文化分析的视角,通过对中西方社会救助制度的思想渊源、制度基础和救助内容及特点等进行比较分析,对中西方政府在社会救助中的地位、作用、行为动机、对法制建设的重视程度等差异进行了释疑,并在此基础上,对我国政府在社会救助制度建设中履行职责的逐渐理性和成熟,从制度变迁的视角进行了展望,指出我国政府必须主动承担对整个社会心理的大量宣传和引导工作,改变我国人群社会救助被动参与的施恩论思想,唤醒我国居民的权利意识,推动人们主动参与和监督社会救助体系的制度建设。     

经济新常态下浙江省支出型贫困救助策略分析

经济新常态下社会发展矛盾和问题集中显露,中低收入人群陷入贫困的风险加大,在绝对贫困减轻的现状下,支出型贫困凸显,社会救助体系面临新的挑战并亟待转型升级.本文从支出型贫困政策扶持、救助金额和救助群体三个方面对浙江省支出型贫困救助现状进行调研分析,探究支出型贫困救助存在的问题,并提出应对策略,以缓解救助意识不强、救助对象识别不精准、救助体系不完善等问题.     

论我国的社会救助标准

社会救助标准在我国社会救助体系中处于核心地位,社会救助标准制定的科学性和执行力直接关系到社会救助制度在实践中的有效性和生命力.针对我国社会救助标准所存在的问题,需要深化给付标准的认识,从标准的公平性、标准的充足性、救助标准的针对性等方面完善社会救助标准,充分发挥社会救助制度实际效用,保障弱势群体的基本权益.     

疫情防控常态化下社会救助机制的举措和经验

新冠肺炎疫情防控进入常态化阶段,在抗击新冠肺炎疫情中社会救助机制在保障困难群众基本生活和维护社会公平稳定方面发挥了重要的作用.社会救助机制主要从最低生活保障救助、医疗救助、就业救助、临时救助和社会力量参与救助等五个方面采取了防控措施,起到了很好的兜底保障作用,防止新冠肺炎疫情扩散,保障困难群众基本生活.通过研究,总结了社会救助机制在疫情防控中所取得的经验.社会救助机制充分发挥了政府的主导作用,鼓励多主体参与,多方聚力抗击新冠肺炎疫情,保障对象上实现应保尽保,应收尽收,保障水平上维持基本生活水平,注重效率,及时有效地发挥了社会兜底保障作用.     

我国农村社会救助体系建设成就与问题

随着我国经济与社会的发展,农村社会救助对社会稳定的维护作用越来越明显.因此,应该充分发挥农村社会救助作为农村社会保障第一道安全网的保障作用,从而减少农村贫困群体的比重,使我国社会救助事业得以发展.本文首先阐述农村社会救助体系建设已取得的成就,然后提出目前我国农村社会救助体系建设存在的问题,最后针对当前的国情,提出进一步健全社会救助法律法规、完善农村社会救助的基层管理、加强对资源的整合、农村社会救助资金筹集渠道多元化、统筹城乡发展等政策建议,从而建立有效的监督机制.     

谈谈实践救助管理制度中的突出问题

<城市生活无着的流浪乞讨人员救助管理办法>的实施,基本完善了我国社会救助体系,对社会救助工作发挥了一定积极作用,取得了很大成效.但也面临着救助对象甄别难、临时救助无法满足特殊救助者的需求,街头流浪乞讨人员有增多趋势、落实救助管理经费难等问题.本文在分析救助管理制度尚存问题的基础上,简要提出了加强几个方面工作的建议.     

中国社会救助研究述评

近年来,在构建社会主义和谐社会的大背景下,国内学术界对社会救助的系列相关问题给予了充分的关注和研究,目前在许多问题上已达成共识,同时也存在一些分歧。而且,从整体上看,社会救助的研究现况存在诸多不足和缺陷。试图从社会救助的界定与相关提法、社会救助在社会保障制度中的地位和作用、健全和完善新型城乡社会救助体系、社会救助对象的确定、社会救助责任主体、城乡居民最低生活保障以及城乡医疗救助等方面,对国内学术界的各种有代表性的重要观点和研究成果进行梳理和归纳。     

不断推动社会救助工作创新发展 ——以无锡市惠山区为例

一、无锡市惠山区完善社会救助体系建设的探索与实践 2011年至今,惠山区不断构建和完善社会救助体系,形成以最低生活保障为核心,以教育救助、就业救助、医疗救助、特困供养、自然灾害(公共事件)救助、住房救助、法律援助和支出型救助的专业救助为主体,慈善帮扶救助和群众性互助互济行为为补充,吸收商业保障参与预防保障的新型社会救助大格局.在实际操作中,惠山区重点进行了以下探索创新.     

我国房地产税制的现状及改革构想

房地产税制是维护房地产市场公平竞争，实现国家对房地产业宏观调控的有力杠杆。然而，我国现行的房地产税制却存在税费不分、税制不统一、税制结构不合理等诸多问题。严重影响了其对房地产业应有的宏观调控作用。因此，适时地推进房地产税制的改革应是当务之急，应统一内外税制，合理界定税费的范围，建立统一、规范、合理的房地产税收体系。     

The Change in Productive Efficiency in Telecommunications in the United States

The question addressed here is whether the adoption of incentive regulation, which has become an important regulatory tool in the telecommunications industry in the USA, has resulted in a change in the technical efficiency of local exchange carriers in the USA. After providing an overview of the nature of incentive regulation, a methodology for measuring technical efficiency and its change is introduced. This is a multiple-output/multiple-input distance function approach to measuring technical efficiency. The results of implementing this approach for 19 local exchange carriers for the 1988–2001 period indicate that in the production of local service, intrastate toll/access service, and interstate access to local loops, there was no change in technical efficiency between the 1988–1990 period and the 1991–2001 period, something that incentive regulation was specifically designed to promote.     

The Change in Productive Efficiency in Telecommunications in the United States

The question addressed here is whether the adoption of incentive regulation, which has become an important regulatory tool in the telecommunications industry in the USA, has resulted in a change in the technical efficiency of local exchange carriers in the USA. After providing an overview of the nature of incentive regulation, a methodology for measuring technical efficiency and its change is introduced. This is a multiple-output/multiple-input distance function approach to measuring technical efficiency. The results of implementing this approach for 19 local exchange carriers for the 1988-2001 period indicate that in the production of local service, intrastate toll/access service, and interstate access to local loops, there was no change in technical efficiency between the 1988-1990 period and the 1991- 2001 period, something that incentive regulation was specifically designed to promote.     

Payment Systems in Countries in Transition

MOCT-MOST: Economic Policy in Transitional Economies -     

西部地区人力资本投资与知识化发展

人力资本投资在推动知识化发展的过程中存在自增强机制，通过促进人力资本保值增值，进行人力资源合理配置，改善配置环境和配置政策、完善配套措施，有助于充分发挥这一机制的功能，从而实现西部地区知识化发展。     

Inequalities in Income Distribution in Slovenia

This article presents an empirical analysis of income distribution based on income tax data for Slovenia in 1991-2000. It presents evidence of rising inequalities in income distribution (gross income, gross wages and pensions). These results are supported by coefficients of variation, Gini coefficients and by the Lorenz curves. Inequalities increased rapidly in the 1991 to 1993 period. After a significant decrease in 1994 and a steady increase from 1995 to 2000, the peak value from 1993 was not surpassed. Atkinson's requirements for dominance comparisons are not violated. Inequalities are also present in the distribution of the benefits of economic growth among income groups.     

上海生态农业发展影响因素研究

文章分析了上海生态农业发展的影响因素,并利用计量模型进行检验,认为影响上海生态农业发展的主要因素有农业基础设施、农业劳动力资源、农业产业化水平、农业科技实力状况。     

Age Discrimination in Employment in Canada

Issues pertaining to age discrimination in employment in Canada are analyzed with a view toward highlighting lessons that may be learned from the Canadian experience—an experience that is taking on increased policy importance. Reasons for the increased attention to age discrimination issues are outlined, followed by a portrayal of the age discrimination legislation and court interpretations in Canada, especially as they pertain to mandatory retirement. Enforcement aspects are discussed, as is the evidence on age discrimination in employment and the effectiveness of legislation with respect to age discrimination and mandatory retirement. The article concludes with a discussion of the lessons to be learned from the Canadian experience, especially with respect to the poorly understood but complicated relationship between age discrimination and mandatory retirement. Policy recommendations for strengthening age discrimination legislation are also outlined. (JEL J14 , J24 , J71 )     

Inter-enterprise arrears in economies in transition

In the context of economies in transition, the paper argues that an excessive liquidity squeeze could throw the economy into a persistent state of low economic activity. In such bad equilibrium, enterprise transactions become largely demonetized, with a chain of arrears, a form of involuntary credit, spreading over the entire system. The empirical analysis of the Romanian experience seems to support the view advanced in the paper.     

Issues in Childcare Policy in Australia

This article assesses the feasibility and desirability of a universal scheme of early childhood education for Australian children aged 3 and 4 years old.